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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was first to advocate that physician should focus on patient and not disease
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Hippocrates, thought that natural forces within are true healing forces
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Define homeopathy
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system based on use of minor doses of remedies that in massive doses produce symptoms in healthy individuals similar to those as disease being treated
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When was A T Still born
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August 6 1828
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What was cause of death of A T Stills kids
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Meningitis
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What was the main influence on Still that led him to be dissappointed in conventional medicine
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1850's 1860's many practitioners are poorly trained. Treatments are unsofisticated and more dangerous then disease.
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What were common remedies in 1860's
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Laxatives
Blood letting Mercury compounds Drugs in alcohol bases |
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When did A.T Still flung the banner of osteopathy to the breeze
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June 22, 1874
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Name 4 main principles of OM
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1. Body is a unit
2.Structure and function are reciprocally related 3. Body posesses self regulatory mechanisms 4.Body has inherent capacity to defend and heal itself |
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Name additional osteopathic principles according to Dr Evans
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1.WHEN NORMAL ADAPTABILITY IS DISRUPTED, OR WHEN ENIRONMENTAL CHANGES OVERCOME THE BODY’S CAPACITY FOR SELF MAINTENANCE, DISEASE MAY ENSUE
2.RATIONAL TREATMENT IS BASED ON THE PREVIOUS PRINCIPLES 3.MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS IS ESSENTIAL TO THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH 4.THE NERVES PLAY A CRUCIAL PART IN CONTROLLING THE FLUIDS OF THE BODY 5.THERE ARE SOMATIC COMPONENTS TO DISEASE THAT ARE NOT ONLY MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE BUT ALSO ARE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MAINTENANCE OF THE DISEASED STATE. |
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What is the goal of manipulation
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Homeostasis
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What percentage of the body is comprised by neuromuscular system
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60%
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Define viscerosomatic reflex
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Gallbladder disease can cause tissue texture changes at level of T6-T8 on the right
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When was the first osteopathic school opened and what was the name of it
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Kirksville school of medicine
1892 |
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When did AT Still die
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1917 at the age of 89
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Describe Flexner report
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Report on medical education in US that saw closing of many allopathic and osteopathic medical schools. Medical education improved as consequence
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Describe osteopathic medicine during WW I and WW II
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Osteopathic physicians were not allowed to practice in armed services. As a result practices at home strengthened
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What is signficant about 1961 1962
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Year when licensing of osteopathic physicians was halted, MD degrees were granted to DO s. Los Angelles COllege of Osteopathic physicians became an allopathic school
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How much did it cost to switch from DO to MD in 1960's in California
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65$
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Did AT Still have formal medical education
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Yes, received formal training at Kansas City and was issued MD by state of Missouri
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Define integrative medicine
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Conventional+alternative medicine
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Define preventive medicine
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Achieving disease prevention and reversal through combination of traditional and holistic alternative methods
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Define personal wellness
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Wellness is an interactive process of becoming aware of and practicing healthy choices to create a more successful and balanced lifestyle
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What comprises conventional medicine
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Pharmaceuticals
Chemo/radiation Nutrition Surgery Internal medicine Allopathic medicine Osteopathic medicine |
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What comprises alternative medicine
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Chiropractic
Homeopathy Naturopathy Oriental Medicine Osteopathic Ayurvedic (hindu) Herbals Nutritional Supplements |
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Which part of physical therapy belongs to conventional medicine
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Exercise, weights, aerobics, stretching, water therapy
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Which part of physcical therapy belongs to alternative medicine
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Massage, rolfing, trigger point myotherapy, yoga tai chi, pilates
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Which diseases are treated better with conventional medicine
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LIFE THREATENING
Heart - MI CHF Severe HTN Strokes Severe allergies Diabetes I Fractures Trauma Severe asthma Bacterial some viral infections Acute bowel problems Some cancers In vitro fertilization Some pain syndromes ANYTHING SURGICAL |
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Which diseases are treated better with alternative medicine
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Chronic, prevention
-Prevent reverse CAD -recovery after stroke -mild to moderate HTN -mild allergies -Sprains strains -arthritis -diabetes II -mild asthma -most viral infections -otitis media -some cancers -hernia -Colitis -GERD -infertility -most pain syndromes |
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What is a model (paradigm) for conventional medicine
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Physical- biochemical - interventional, biochemical and preventative medicine
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What is a model for alternative medicine
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Alternative paradigms - holistic, interdimensional, root cause
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What is a root cause of illness
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Root cause of illness lies in body, spirit, emotions and mind
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What is the older name for somatic dysfunction
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osteopathic lesion
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Whats is TART
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Tenderness
Assymetry Restriction Tissue texture change |
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Compare temperature differences in acute vs chronic somatic dys.
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Acute - increased
Chronic- slightly increased or decreased |
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Compare texture in acute vs chronic
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Acute - boggy, rough
Chronic- thin, smooth |
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Compare moisture in acute vs chronic
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acute - moist
chronic -dry |
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compart tension in acute vs chronic
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acute - rigid, board like
chronic-ropy, stringy |
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Define physiologic barrier
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Point to which patient may move any given joint
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Define anatomic barrier
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Point to which joint may be moved beyond physiological barrier, occurs because of bone, ligament, tendon
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What is a pathologic barrier
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occurs as a result of disease or trauma - joint fusion caused by spondylitis or osteophytes
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What is a restrictive barrier
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restriction of joint in one or more planes, motion in opposite direction is free
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Whih of the tart criteria is subjective
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Tenderness
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How do you distinguis acute viscerosomatic dysfunction from acute somatic dysfunction
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Indistinguishable
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How do you distinguish chronic viscerosomatic dysfunction
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1. Skin more atrophic
2.firm dry sponginess 3. joint motion is more restricted and more fixed 4. if corrected, returns back within 24 hours |
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Which factors predispose to somatic dysfunction
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Gravity
Anomalies Posture Transitional areas Joint locking muscle stress muscle hyperirritability adaptation to stressors |
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What is the most common cause of somatic dysfunction
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Abnormal impulses to muscles
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Name 3 theories of etiology of somatic dysfunction
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Meniscoid entrapment - vertebral facet joints have small menisci that get trapped within joint
Meniscoid extrapment - menisci get trapped outside of joint Capsular compression |
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What do alpha motor neurons innervate
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Large skeletal muscles
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What is muscle spindle reflex
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Muscle spindle reflex sends information to nervous system about muscle length or rate of change in muscle length
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What is Golgi tendon reflex
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sends information to nervous system about muscle tension or change in rate in muscle tension
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Stretching muscle spindle... firing rate
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increase
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Shortening muscle spindle.. firing rate
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decreases
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What is the best example of muscle spindle reflex
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Patellar tendon reflex
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How does Golgi tendon relax muscle
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by inhibiting alpha motor neurons
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What is viscerosomatic reflex
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disease of viscera causes defect in somatic structure (vertebra)
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What is facilitation
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Indicates that an area of impairment or restriction developed a lower threshold for irritation or dysfunction when other areas are stimulated
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What is orientation of superior articular facets
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BUL - backward upward lateral
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What is direction of inferior articular facets
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FMD - forward medial downward
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Which motion is least motion in thoracics
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Extension
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Which motion is second least in thoracics
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Flexion
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Which motion is greatest in thoracics
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Rotation
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Vertebral level of inferior angle of scapula
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T7
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Vertebral level of spine of scapula
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T3
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Vertebral level of PSIS
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S2
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Verterbral level of sternal angle
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T4
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Vertebral level of iliac crest
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L4
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Which plane does flexion occur in
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Saggital, around transverse axis
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Which plain does rotation occur in
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transverse about vertical axis
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Where does lateral weight bearing line pass
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Through external auditory meatus, shoulder jnt, slightly posterior to hip, slightly anterior to knee
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Which motion Spencer technique DOES NOT test
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External rotation
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Which motion most prominent in cervical region
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Rotation
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Main motion in lumbar region
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Flexion Extension
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What is Apleys scratch test
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evaluation of active range of motion
- test abduction and external rotation by asking patient to put the hand behind head and reach medial superior angle of scapula b. Test internal rotation and adduction by asking patient to touch opposite acromion and reach behind back to touch inferior angle of scapula |
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Which test is done to test for rotator cuff injury
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Drop arm
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if patient has scapular protraction, which nerve is damaged
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long thoracic
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Yergesons test tests what?
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if biceps is stable in the bicipital grove
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Which test checks for shoulder dislocation
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Apprehension test
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Valgus is ...
Varus is... |
Valgus is abduction
Varus is adduction |
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Which nerve is tested in Tinels elbow test
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Ulnar
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Which nerve is tested in Tinels wrist test, for which disease
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Median, carpal tunnel
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What does Allens test check
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If ulnar and radial arteries provide sufficient support
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What does Phallens test check
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test for carpal tunnel
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What does Finkelsteins test chek
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Dequervains tenosynovitis
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5 components of fitness
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Cardiovascular (aerobic)
Muscular strength/endurance Flexibility Agility and balance Body composition |
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What is FITT principle
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Frequency
Intensity Time Type Used when prescribing exercises |
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How do you estimate target heart rate
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220 -age
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What is target heart rate for cardio
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85%
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What is target heart rate for wight loss
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60%
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What is METS
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metabolic equivalents = energy cost
1 met - 1 kcal/kg = 3.5 mg/kg/min of O2 |
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What is best index for cardiorespiratory endurance
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VO2 max
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What % of baody fat is dangerous for males, females
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25% for men, 38 % for women
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