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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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therapeutic uses of opioids
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analgesia, sedation, imobilization, inhibition of GI motility, antitussive
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opioid receptor subtypes
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mu, kappa, delta
*delta not important clinically |
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which opioid receptor subtypes promote analgesia?
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mu, kappa, delta
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which opioid receptor subtypes promote respiratory depression?
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mu
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which opioid receptor subtypes promote decreased GI motility?
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mu, kappa
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which opioid receptor subtypes promote nausea and vomiting?
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mu
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which opioid receptor subtypes promote antitussive effects?
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mu, kappa
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morphine action
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mu agonist
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hydromorphone action
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mu agonist
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codeine action
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mu agonist
*lower potency |
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Fentanyl action
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mu agonist
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Buprenorphine action
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partial mu agonist
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Butorphanol action
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partial mu agonist
kappa agonist |
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Nalbuphine action
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kappa agonist
mu antagonist |
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Naloxone action
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mu, kappa, delta antagonist
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Naltrexone action
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mu, kappa, delta antagonist
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Tramadol action
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NE/seratonin reuptake inhibitor
mu agonist |
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Which drugs are used to treat status epilepticus?
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Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital Diazepam |
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what is status epilepticus?
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series of seizures lacking a postictal phase, animal does not regain consciousness between episodes
*THIS IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY! |
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What is the effect of phenobarbital on drug metabolism?
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induces liver enzymes that cause more rapid metabolism of itself and other drugs
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Why is a loading dose of KBr used?
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potassium bromide has a long half life, can take up to 21 days to reach steady state
the loading dose increases the concentration enough to cause an effect before steady state is reached |
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list the mechanisms of action possible for anticonvulsants
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increase of inhibitory NTs
decrease of excitatory NTs alter electrolyte conductance |
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which anticonvulsants are no longer used?
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Primidone, Phenytoin
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Phenobarbital action
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increase GABA activity by binding post-synaptic receptor
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Diazepam action
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increase GABA activity
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Pentobarbital action
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increase GABA activity by binding post-synaptic receptor
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Potassium Bromide action
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unknown, thought to alter electrolyte conductance
*NOT metabolized by liver, can use in patients with hepatic dz. *NOT commercially available |
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Levetiracetam action
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unknown
*NOT metabolized by liver, can use in patients with hepatic dz *Costs more than phenobarbital |
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Gabapentin action
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Ca channel blocker
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Zonisamide action
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Na, Ca channel blocker
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clonazepam action
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increase GABA activity
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chlorazepate action
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increase GABA activity
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which drugs should only be used if the major drugs do not work, or in combo with a major drug?
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felbamate
gabapentin zonisamide clonazepam chlorazepate |
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Which drugs are used for chronic seizure management?
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Phenobarbital
Potassium bromide Levetiracetam |
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Which drugs are used for acute seizure management?
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Diazepam
Phenobarbital Pentobarbital |
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What is different about Diazepam compared to Phenobarbital and Pentobarbital?
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Diazepam has a shorter half life and does not cause the amount of anesthesia that the other two do
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