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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The pain threshold is raised by activities,sympathy,analgesics and?
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sleep
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the nonopiod analgesic that has antiflammatory,antipyretic,analgesic and antiplatelet action is?
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aspirin
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the nonopiod analgesic that is least likely to be used to alleviate a fever would be?
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diflunisal
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consumption of ? increases the toxic potential of acetaminophen
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alcohol
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analgesic used to treat gout
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colchine
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an opioid addict cannot develop tolerance to which side effects?
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miosis and constipation
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the most common opoid used in dentistry is?
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codeine
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the most common NSAID in dentistry is?
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ibuprofen
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combining an opiod and nonopiod analgesic produced what analgesic effect?
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additive
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what is preception?
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physical component of pain( sensory)
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what is reaction
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the psychological component of pain(emotional)
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where does the emotional response to pain originate?
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from the CNS, the stimulus comes from the PNS
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analgesics used to treat pain will target?
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periphereal pain, central pain(reaction) or both
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what is pain threshold raised by?
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sleep,sympathy,activities, analgesics
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what is pain threshold decreased by?
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emotional instability,anxiety,fatigue,youth/women,nationalities,fear,apprehension
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pain begins where there is tissue damage which stimulates?
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nociceptors-end of the nerves w/in the periphereal body tissue
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what is the difference between opiods and non opiods?
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site of action
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what do nonopiods do?
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act on the periphereal nerve endings, inhibit prostogladin synthesis
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what do opiods do?
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act w/in the CNS and depress the CNS
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what is the peak effect of aspirin?
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20-30 min. depending if its buffered or not
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what is the half life of aspirin?
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2-3 hours with a small dose
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a CONSTANT amount is metabolized where?
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p/hour in the liver, excreted by the kidney
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what are the efffects of aspirin?
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analgesic,antipyretic,antiinflammatory,uricosuric,antiplatelet
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what is uricosuric?
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increase the excretion of uric acid w/large doses of aspirin.
not used for gout |
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what is antiplatelet?
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aspirin binds to platelets and prevents clotting
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when does normal clotting return after using an antiplatelet?
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1-1/2 days after discontinuing
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chronic use in pregnancy can lead to?
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congenital abnormalities, abuse can lead to still birth or decreased weight
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are aspirin allergies common or rare?
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extremely rare
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what is the dose od aspirin for adults?
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325-650mg every 4 hrs
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what are drug interactions with aspirin?
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warfarin-increase bleeding
probenecid-cause gout attack methotrexate-can cause bone marrow depression sulfonyluria-increase hypoglycemic effect antihypertensives-reduce effect antacids-reduce aspirin absorption |
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what is the advantage of salsalate?
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no effect on platelet or cross hypersensitivity w/aspirin
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what is diflunisal?
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a salicylate classified as a NSAID.
not useful as an antipyretic and antacids reduce absorption |
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salicylism(toxicity) is characterized by?
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tinnitis,headache,nausea,vomitting, dizziness,dimness of vision,hyperthemis,electrolyte imblalnce
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what is the most useful drug group for dental pain?
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NSAIDS
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what is the pharmocological effect of NSAIDS?
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analgesic,antipyretic,antiinflammatory
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what are contraindications for NSAIDS in pregnancy?
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delay parturition,prolong gestation,dystocia
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what is the drug of choice for breastfeeding?
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ibuprofen
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what is used for children for an analgesic and antipyretic but not antiinflamatory?
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acetaminophen
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what is an adverse effect of acetaminophen?
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hepatotoxity
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what does allopurinol do for gout?
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inhibits the synthesis of uric acid
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what does probenecid do for gout?
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increases excretion of uric acid
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The physical component of pain, and involves the message of pain that is carried through the nerves eventually to the cortex.
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What is the perception of pain? Patients are uniform in their perception of pain
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The pharmacological effects of aspirin
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What is analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, urocosuric, and antiplatelet effects?
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Aspirin is used safely on these patients
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What is the drug that patients suffering from arthritis use?
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This limits the bioavailability of orally administered opiods
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What is first pass metabolism
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Condition treated with opiods
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What is diarrhea
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The psychological component of pain, the emotional response to pain
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What is reaction
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Has zero-order Kinetics
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What is aspirin? It is the fact that a certain amount of drug is metabolized per unit of time, not a percentage
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The drug of choice to use for children for antifever and pain relief
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What is acetaminophen
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The pharmacokinetics of opiods includes absorption through these processes
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What is through mucosa and intact skin, the oral-to-parenteral ratio. Also know how it is excreted, and it's duration of action
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The eye effect of opiods
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What is miosis
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Sleep, rest diversion empathy, sympathy and medications
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What are the factors that raise the pain threshold
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The absorption times of aspirin, salicylates, and buffered tablets
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What is 30 minutes, 90 minutes and 20 minutes
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The one type of NSAID not useful for alleviating fever
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What is diflunisal
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the drugs that all have analgesic properties in common
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What is aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine
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Patient conditions when opiod use is contraindicated or should be used with extreme caution.
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What is head injury, nausea, respiratory disease, and near-term pregnancy
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Mediates pain relief at the peripheral nervous system
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What is nonopiod drugs
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Gastrointestinal effects, bleeding time prolonged, and possible reyes syndrome, renal necrosis, prolonged gestation, and tinnitis
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What is the adverse reactions and toxic effects of aspirin
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The drug of choice for nursing mothers
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What is Ibuprofen? (FDA Pregnancy category B)
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The opiod that is used as an antitussive
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What is dextromethorphan
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Drugs used to treat opiod addiction
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What isMethadone is used by substituting methadone for heroin and then tapering off or maintaining the addict on oral methadone. Naltrexone, a long-acting opioid antagonist, is used to block the action of usual doses of opioid administered illicitly? Naloxone is used for overdose treatment
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The effect that is centrally mediated by nonopiods
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What is the antipyretic effect
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1 1/2 days
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What is the time needed to pass to allow normal clotting to resume after aspirin ingestion
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Does not possess significant antiinflammatory effect
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What is Acetaminophen
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30 mgs. of codeine
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What does Tyl #3 mean
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The usual cause of death from overdose of opiods
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What is respiratory depression
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what determines the difference in bioavailability between opiod administered orally and one parenterally?
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oral to parenteral ratio
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what is the duration of action of most opiods?
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4-6 hrs metabolized in the liver
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an opiod excreted from the kidney is changed or unchanged?
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metabolized unchanged
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what are the opiods from greatest strength to least strength?
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morphine,oxycodone,hydrocodone,codeine
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what does cough suppression depress?
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the cough center in the medulla
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what is useful in the treatment of diarrhea?
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dextromethorphan
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what is the usual cause of death in an opiod overdose?
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respiratory depression
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what is caused by the stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla?
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nausea and emesis
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what are adverse reactions ofopiods?
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resp. depression, nausea, constipation,miosis,urinary retention,CNS effects and cardiovascular effects
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morphine and codeine are in which pregnancy category?
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C
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opiod overdose is treated with?
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nalaxone
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what are 2 tx's for addiction?
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substitute w/methadone and gradually withdraw or use naltrexene
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what reduces methadone levels and is a drug interaction?
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barbituates,phenytion,rifampin
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adding a nonopiod analgesis to an opiod does?
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produces an additive effect with less side effects
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what is the dose of tylenol #2,#3, and #4?
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#2-15mg(1/4 grain)
#3-30mg(1/2 grain) #4-60mg(1 grain) |
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what is tramadel?
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the "new kid" on the block
a u agonist only |
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what is the only agonist-antagonist available in oral form?
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pentazocine( Talwin)
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what 2 ways are mixed opiods different from opiods?
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respiration depression is not linear
increase in both blood pressure and heart rate |
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what are the opiod antagonists?
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naloxone, nalmefene, naltrexone
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