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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal diameter of the optic nerve?
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1 mm
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What are the different ways to examine visual acuity?
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• rosenbaum eye card
• snellen chart • Jaeger print |
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What is hypopyon?
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layer of WBC in the anterior chamber
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If a patient cannot see 20/200, how do you evaluate visual acuity?
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• count fingers from various distances
• hand motion • light • light perception |
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Which etiology of "red eye" usually does not present with pain?
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conjunctivitis
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Inflammation of which glands can cause a sty (chalazion/hordeolum)?
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meiobmian glands
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What is the treatment for a hordeolum?
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• hot compress QID
• topical antibiotic |
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What is the treatment for a chalazion?
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• hot compress
• steroid injection • minor surgery (incision & curettage) |
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When performing surgical excision of a chalazion, how do we make the incision on the outside or inside of the lid?
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• on the outside of the lid, make the incision horizontally (because of the lines of langerhans)
• on the inside of the lid, make the incision vertically (to avoid damage to meibomian glands) |
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The cornea and sclera are regions of which layer in the eye?
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the fibrous tunic (the outermost layer)
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What is the name of the middle layer in the eye?
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uvea
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What are the portions of the uvea from anterior to posterior?
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• iris
• ciliary body • choroid |
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What is blepharitis?
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inflammation of the eyelid
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What is aniscoria?
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unequeal pupil size
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What is hyperopia?
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far-sightedness (can't see near)
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What is emmetropia?
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normal vision
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What is myopia?
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near-sightedness (can't see far)
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What is dacrocystitis?
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inflammtion of the lacrimal gland
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What is the treatment for dacrocystitis?
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dacrocystorhinostomy (DCR): puncture a hole in the nasal turbinate region
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What space constitutes the anterior chamber of the eye?
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the space between the cornea anteriorly and the iris/pupil posteriorly
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What space constitutes the posterior chamber of the eye?
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the space between the iris/pupil anteriorly and the lens/ciliary body posteriorly
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Describe the movement of the aqueous humor
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• aqueous humor is produced in the posterior chamber by the ciliary processes of the ciliary body
• after passing through the pupil into the anterior chamber, the aqueous humor drains a filter called the trabecular meshwork into the scleral venous sinus (canal Schlemm) |
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What is hypertropia?
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one eye is higher than the other
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What is esophoria?
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tendency of eyes to turn inward
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What is exophoria?
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• tendency of eyes to turn outward
• tested by transverse cover test (alternating cover over eyes back and forth) |
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What is the presentation of open-angle glaucoma?
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presents with no symptoms
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What is the presentation of closed-angle glaucoma?
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• throbbing, aching pain
• pupils are fixed & mid-dilated (can become ischemic) • cornea looks hazy |
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What can cause chronic open angle glaucoma?
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• rate of aqeuous fluid production is greater than rate of aqueous fluid leaving
• trabecular meshwork gets clogged |
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What can cause acute closed-angle glaucoma?
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• hypertrophy of the lens causes closure of the angle between the trabecular meshwork
• anterior chamber becomes very narrow |
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What is normal intraocular pressure?
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• average pressure is 17 mm Hg
• normal range is 12-21 mm Hg |
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What device is used to measure intraocular pressure?
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Schiotztonometer
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What is the gold standard for measuring intraocular pressure?
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applanation tinometry
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What are risk factors for glaucoma?
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• age over 40
• DM • family history • history of trauma • HTN • intraocular pressure > 21 |
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If the rim of the optic cup appears white, what may this finding signify?
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atrophy of the optic nerve
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What is pigmentation glaucoma?
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loss of pigment from the iris which causes clogging of the trabecular meshwork
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What is the treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma?
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• peripheral iridectomy
• removal of the iris and its periphery with laser |
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What are the treatment options for open angle glaucoma?
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• eye drops (to either reduce production of aqueous fluid OR open the canals)
• surgery |
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What eyedrop is used to treat open-angled glaucoma?
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Acetazolamide (Diamox)
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Describe the surgery used to treat open-angled glaucoma
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• make a surgical drain by lifting up the conjunctiva
• then make an incision (cutting out the trabecular meshwork- called a trabeculectomy) • aqueous fluid bypasses the drain and enter a bleb (where the fluid is reabsorbed) |
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What is a scotoma?
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an area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field
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What are the different types of cataracts, based on color of the lens?
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• Nucleosclerosis (yellow)
• Brunescent (brown) • White opaque cataract |
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What is phagolytic glaucoma?
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• when a white lens breaks down and leaks proteins outside of the capsule
• can cause a tremendous inflammatory response w/ macrophages ending up in the trabecular meshwork • will have glaucoma (lens-induced) & iritis |
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What are side effects of lens replacement to treat cataract?
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• displaced lens
• infection (usually Staph) • iris damage • macular edema • retinal detachment |
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What is the most common method of treating a cataract?
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• Phaco-emulsification
• use of ultrasound & vacuum to emulsify the lens |
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What are the 3 muscles involved in relaxing the pupils?
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• pupillary sphincter
• dilatory fibers • ciliary muscles |
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What is posterior synechiae?
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adhesion of the iris to the anterior lens capsule
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What class of drug causes dilation without cycloplegia?
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phenylephrine
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What are side effects of Phenylephrine?
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• hypertension
• tachycardia |
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What eyedrop should be used as an anesthetic?
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Proparacaine 0.5%
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Why should anesthetics (like Proparacaine) never be prescribed to a patient?
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• will disturb stimulation to blink
• can lead to corneal perforation • pt will put drops in continuously and this can cause damage to the eye |
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Which antibiotics are recommended to used of eye infections?
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• Gentamycin (Garamycin)
• Tobramycin (much more expensive) • Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% |
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Culture & sensitivity are usually ordered for what type of eye infection?
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corneal ulcers
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What is the treatment for a corneal ulcer?
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• Vigamox
• Zymar |
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What are different eyedrops that can be used to treat open-angle glaucoma?
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• Pilocarpine 1,2,4%: miotic drop, pulls iris away
• Epinephrine • Timolol (do not use in patients w/ asthma) • Alphagan (aka Brominidine Tartrate): alpha agonists • Lipid drops (ex. Xalatan, Travatan, Lumigan) |
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What are side effects of Pilocarpine?
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• cataract
• headache • myopia |
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What are contraindications for Timolol?
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• asthma
• bradycardia |
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What is a potentially dangerous sequelae of administering steroids in the eye?
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posterior subscapular cataract
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What are manifestations of iritis/uveitis?
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• stimulation of pupil sphincter causing spasm & pain
• throbbing, dull, achy pain • miosis • peri-limic injection (redness around the iris) • can see WBCs in the anterior chamber (called cells & flare) |
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What is keratitis?
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inflammation of the cornea
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What are some causes of keratitis?
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• bacteria
• chemicals • debris • dryness • foreign body • virus |
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What is ectropion?
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• margin of the lower lid is turned outward, exposing the palpebral conjuctiva
• eye no longer drains satiffactorily, and tearing occurs |
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What is entropion?
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• inward turning of the lid margin
• lower lashes can irritate the nojunctiva & lower cornea |
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What are dot or blot hemorrhages?
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• deep retinal hemorrhages
• small, rounded, slightly irregular spots • occur in a deeper layer of the retina • diabetes is a common cause * source: page 222 PD text |
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How can you tell the difference between arteries and veins on fundoscopic exam?
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• arteries are light red; veins are dark red
• arteries are smaller (2/3 to 4/5 the diameter of veins) • arteries have a bright light reflex; veins have an inconspicuous or absent light reflex * source: PD text page 187 |
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A cherry red spot on the macula indicates what?
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retinal artery occlusion
* source: Currents pg 167 |
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What is lagophthalmos?
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• an inability to close the eyelid's completely
• results in corneal exposure |
