Ontogeny 126-131 &enrichment

Front 1

Motivational variables

Back 1

variables that affect the degree to which a stimulus is a reinforcer

Front 2

What are three types of motivational variables?

Back 2

1) Deprivation
2) Satiation
3) Learning history

Front 3

Deprivation

Back 3

momentary increase in the reinforcing efficacy of a stimulus as a result of withholding presentations of that stimulus

(e.g. food is a more effective reinforcer when the subject is food-deprived)

Front 4

Satiation

Back 4

momentary reduction in the reinforcing efficacy of a stimulus due to repeated presentations of that stimulus

Front 5

What is satiation common with?

Back 5

Many unconditioned positive reinforcers (e.g. food, water, etc) but not all

Front 6

What are two situations in which satiation does NOT occur?

Back 6

1) Increasing temperature from cold
2) Usually doesn't occur with negative reinforcers (e.g. termination of pain)

Front 7

What was the example where an unconditioned positive reinforcer and a conditioned reinforcer showed evidence of satiation?

Back 7

A person on food stamps (conditioned reinforcer) won the lottery or gained access to free food (unconditioned reinforcer), and therefore the reinforcing efficacy of food stamps decreased

Front 8

What type of reinforcers does satiation rarely occur with?

Back 8

Generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g. money)

Front 9

Learning history

Back 9

Important in determining the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus;

what things have become reinforcers to an individual

e.g. money is only a reinforcer to those who have learned of its exchange value

Front 10

Why are deprivation, satiation, and learning history considered antecedent (setting) variables?

Back 10

Because they precede the response that they affect

Front 11

Intermittent reinforcement

Back 11

Reinforcers do not follow each response

Front 12

What type of reinforcement is characteristic of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors that are maintained via social reinforcement?

Back 12

Intermittent

Front 13

What type of reinforcement works best at maintaining operant behavior?

Back 13

Intermittent reinforcement

Front 14

Schedule of reinforcement

Back 14

relationships among stimuli, responses, and passage of time that lead to an increase in response strength;

"the rules used to present reinforcing stimuli"

Front 15

What are four reasons that schedules of reinforcement are important?

Back 15

1) They are ubiquitous
2) Determine rate and temporal pattern of behavior
3) Determine resistance to extinction
4) Determine choice

Front 16

How are schedules of reinforcement ubiquitous?

Back 16

They operate throughout the natural environment of humans and other animals

Front 17

How do schedules of reinforcement determine the rate and temporal pattern of behavior?

Back 17

Different schedules determine different rates and patterns of behavior

Front 18

How do schedules of reinforcement determine resistance to extinction?

Back 18

-the quickness with which responding disappears and
-pattern of responding during extinction
-depend on schedule of reinforcement prior to extinction

Front 19

How do schedules of reinforcement determine choice?

Back 19

The time and effort allocated to one particular kind of behavior relative to another is determined in part by the schedule in effect for the alternative behavior

Front 20

What are four simple schedules?

Back 20

Fixed interval
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio

Front 21

Fixed ratio (FR)

Back 21

-Response based
-Reinforcer follows after a fixed number of responses
-High rates of responding
-Postreinforcement (pre-ratio) pausing

Front 22

Fixed-interval (FI)

Back 22

-Response and time-based
-First response emitted after a given period of time has elapsed will be reinforced, since the delivery of the previous reinforcer
-Relatively low overall response rates
-Fixed-interval scallop

Front 23

Fixed-interval scallop

Back 23

Most responses emitted toward the end of the interval

Front 24

Variable Ratio (VR)

Back 24

-Response based
-A reinforcer follows after a variable number of responses
-High rates of responding

Front 25

Variable interval (VI)

Back 25

-First response emitted after some average period of time has elapsed will be reinforced
-Interval varies irregularly around the mean value)
-High and steady rate of responding

Front 26

Which type of schedule makes behavior resistant to extinction?

Back 26

Variable interval

Front 27

Concurrent schedules

Back 27

reinforcement is arrange simultaneously for two or more response classes

Front 28

What was the rat example of concurrent schedules?

Back 28

Conc VI 1-min VI 5-min

Presses on one lever reinforced on a VI 1 min schedule, and presses on a different lever were reinforced on a VI 5-min schedule

Front 29

What do humans have to do since they are constantly exposed to concurrent schedules?

Back 29

Make choices; the likelihood of each choice is not equal for all

Front 30

Operant extinction

Back 30

-the procedure of failing to reinforce an established operant response and
-the decrease in responding that results

Front 31

What are 4 effects of operant extinction?

Back 31

1)Extinction-induced bursting
2)Emotional responding
3)Increase in variability of behavior
4)Resurgence

Front 32

Extinction-induced bursting

Back 32

the rate of responding goes up on initial exposure to extinction

Front 33

Resurgence

Back 33

reappearance of previously extinguished behaviors that once produced the same kind of reinforcer as the behavior currently being extinguished

Front 34

What was the example of the tantruming child's resurgence?

Back 34

He started whining and pouting after being ignored for tantruming, as he had been reinforced for whining and pouting before tantruming evolved

Front 35

What are two situations where extinction can be difficult or impossible to arrange?

Back 35

1) When consequences of a particular behavior are automatically reinforcing (e.g. masturbation)

2)In some therapeutic settings (headbanging child)

Front 36

What is an enrichment?

Back 36

An activity for class points

Front 37

What can the student attend enrichments in exchange for?

Back 37

Attending class at another designated time

Front 38

How many points does a student receive?

Back 38

10 points

Front 39

How can a student get credit for an enrichment?

Back 39

1)Be on time for the enrichment activity
2)Hand in adequate notes at the end of the activity (covering the major issues presented by the speaker)
3)Hand in their OWN notes
4)Follow the proper heading format

Front 40

What counts as class credit for enrichments during the class period?

Back 40

Attendance and notes

Front 41

What happens if you do not attent the enrichment that meets during your class hours?

Back 41

You do not get the points

Front 42

What should students who do not attend an out of class enrichment do?

Back 42

Attend the enrichment activity during a class period that the instructor has designated

Front 43

What do students do in the designated class period?

Back 43

Complete enrichment exercises (not tests)