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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Cancer
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1. Abnormal cell proliferation
2. Lack of contolled controlled growth and cell division 3. Ability to spread 4. Involves any tissue in the body 5. Evades natural cell death (apoptosis) |
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Grades of Cancer
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GX, G1, G2, G3, & G4
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GX
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grade cannot be assessed
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G1
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well differntiated (resembles the parent cell
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G2
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moderately differentiated
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G3
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poorly differentiated (bears littles resemblance to the parent cell.)
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G4
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undifferentiatede (impossible to tell which cell is the parent.)
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what factors affect response to treatment
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1. Tumor Burden
2. Rate of Tumor Growth 3, Drug Resistance |
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what is Tumor Burden
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the inverse relationship between the number of tumor cells and response implies that the smaller the tumor, the higher the rate of response
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What is Tumor doubling time
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time for the tumor to double in mass.
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what is growth fraction
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proportion of proliferating cells in relation to the total number of tumor cells
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what are the phases of the cell cycle
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1. Gap 0 (G0)
2. Gap 1(G1) 3. Synthesis (S) 4. Gap 2 (G2) 5. Mitosis (M) |
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what happens in Gap 0 (G0) of cell cycle
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1. Resting phase
2. cells temporarily out of cell cycle 3. cells continue in this phase until there is a stimulus 4. because not dividing, protected from exposure to chemotherapeutic agents |
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What happens in Gap 1 (G1) of cell cycle
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1. Postmitotic phase
2. Cells begin the first phase of reproduction by synthesizing proteins and RNA necessary for cell division |
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What happens in Synthesis (S) of cell cycle
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DNA synthesis
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What happens in Gap 2 (G2) of cell cycle
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1. Premitotic/postsynthetic phase
2. 2nd phase of protein & RNA synthesis occurs 3. Preparation for mitotic spindle formation occurs 4. the cell is now prepared to actively divide |
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what happens in Mitosis (M) of the cell cycle
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1. cell division occurs
2. shortest phase of the cell life cycle 3. at conclusion, 2 daughter cells formed that either begin the cell cylce again or perform the function it was made to do. |
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what are the actions of the immune system
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1. defense against foreign organisms
2. homeostasis: Destruction of aging or damaged cells 3. Surveillance: Identification of forgeign or nonself substances |
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what are the 2 types of immune responses
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1. Innate immunity
2. Adaptive, non specific |
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what is considered innate immunity
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1. Physical barriers (skin & mucous membranes)
2, Mechanical Barriers (coughing, sneezing, & blinking) 3. Chemical Barriers (tears & sweat) 4. Inflammatory response (monocyte production, macrophages, & polymorphonuclear cells) |
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what is considered Adaptive, or nonspecific immunity
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1. Humoral - B lymphocytes, momory B cells & plasma mediated humoral immunity
The result is production of imunoglobulins (Igs) 2. Cell mediated immunity - mediated by T cells and their cytokine products. NO antibodies 3. T-regulatory cells |
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what is a tumor escape mechanisms
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When immune surveillance fails, tumor formation occurs.
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what is biotherapy
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The use of agents derived from biological sources or agents that affect biologic response
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how does biotherapy work
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1. Enhancing the patient's own immune response
2. Altering the milieu in which cancer cells grow by modifying the actions of normal cells in the area of the tumor 3. Increasing vulnearability of cancer cells to body's own immune system 4. Altering the pathway by which normal cells transform into malignant cells, which may be more preventative than therapeutic 5. Preventing metastasis 6. Enhancing repair of normal cells damaged by treatment 7. Changing cancer cells so they behave like healthy cells. |
