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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An epithelial malignancy affects which tissue types?
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surface epithelium and glandular tissue
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A connective tissue malignancy affects which tissue types?
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Fibrous, bone, smooth/striated muscle, fat
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A lymphoid malignancy affects which tissue types?
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bone marrow, lymphoid, plasma
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A neural malignancy affects which tissue types?
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glial, nerve sheath, melanocytes
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A mixedl malignancy affects which tissue types?
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gonadal
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What are the warning signs in adults?
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Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening of lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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What are the warning signs in children?
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Continued, unexplained weight loss
Headaches with vomiting in the morning Increased swelling or persistent pain in bones or joints Lump or mass in abdomin, neck or elsewhere Development of a whitish appearance in the pupil of the eye Recurrent fevers not caused by infection Excessive bruising or bleeding Noticeable paleness or prolonged tiredness |
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What are the four main cancer treatments?
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1) Surgery
2) Radiation 3) Chemotherapy- includes cytotoxic drugs and hormone therapy 4) Biologic Therapy-immunomodulating agents, radioimmunotherapy, and gene therapy |
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When is surgery not an option?
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Surgery is not an option for lymphoid tumors (leukemia, Hodgkins, Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, multiple myeloma)
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Which stage is there no treatment, patient needs to be watched/monitored?
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Stage 0
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Localized or regional disease stages
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Stages 0,1,2, and early 3; CURATIVE INTENT, inhibit recurrence
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Advanced or metastatic stages
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Advanced 3, 4
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What actions need to be taken when a patient is in advanced stage 3 or stage 4?
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Palliate symptoms, reduce tumor load, prolong survival, and increase quality of life
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Which cell cycle is in resting phase; no cell division occurs
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G0
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Which cell cycle is resistant to chemotherapy
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G0
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Postmitoic phase
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G1
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Cell cycle phase where enzymes for DNA synthesis are manufactured; lasts 10-24 hours
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G1
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Cell cycle when DNA synthesis takes place; separation and replication occurs
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S
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Length of S cycle
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10-20 hours
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Cell cycle in preparation for mitosis; specialized proteins and RNA
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G2
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Length of mitosis
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20-60 minutes
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Cell cycle in which division occurs
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Mitosis- M
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Which cell cycle drug type is effective for high growth fraction cancers (hematologic cancers); SCHEDULE DEPENDENT
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Cell cycle specific drugs
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Which cell cycle drug type is effective for low growth fraction cancers (SOLID tumors) and is DOSE DEPENDENT
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Cell cycle non specific drugs
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Is antimetabolite CCS or CCNS?
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CCS
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Is Etoposide CCS or CCNS?
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CCS
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Are taxanes CCS or CCNS?
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CCS
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Are vinca alkaloids CCS or CCNS?
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CCS
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Is bleomycin CCS or CCNS?
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CCS
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Are alkylating agents CCS or CCNS?
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CCNS
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Are anthracyclines CCS or CCNS?
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CCNS
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Are antitumor antibiotics CCS or CCNS?
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CCNS
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Are alkylating-like agents CCS or CCNS?
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CCNS
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Antimetabolite drugs target which cell cycle?
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S phase
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Etoposide drugs target which cell cycle?
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G1-S phase
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Taxane drugs target which cell cycle?
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M phase
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Vinca alkaloid drugs target which cell cycle?
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M phase
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Bleomycin targets which cell cycle?
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G2-M phase
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Which drugs are antitumor antibiotics?
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Dactinomycin, mitomycin
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When does chemotherapy have the greatest effect?
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When the cells are rapidly dividing
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Are chemotherapy drugs best as monotherapy or in combination?
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they work best when taken in combination due to synergism
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What is the MOA of alkylating agents?
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COVALENT BOND formation of drugs to nucleic acids and proteins; results in cross-linking of one or two DNA strands and inhibition of DNA replication
(cause an addition of alkyl groups into nucleophilic sties, preventing cell division and DNA synthesis) |
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T/F Nitrogen Mustards are effective in treating Hodgkin's disease
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True- They are effective in treating Hodgkin's disease, Leukemia, cancers of the breast, ovaries, uterus, lung, brain ,tested, bladder, prostate, and stomach
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T/F Nitrogen Mustards are effective in treating Leukemia
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True- They are effective in treating Hodgkin's disease, Leukemia, cancers of the breast, ovaries, uterus, lung, brain ,tested, bladder, prostate, and stomach
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Where are Nitrogen mustards metabolized and excreted?
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They are metabolized in the liver and excreted in the kidneys
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Drug classification: Chlorambucil
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Nitrogen Mustard
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Drug classification: Cyclophosphamide
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Nitrogen Mustard
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Drug classification: Estramustine
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Nitrogen Mustard
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Drug classification: Ifosfamide
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Nitrogen Mustard
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Drug classification: Mechlorethamine hydrochloride
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Nitrogen Mustard
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Drug classification: Melphalan
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Nitrogen Mustard
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Drug classification: Busulfan
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Alkyl sulfonate
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Drug classification: Carmustine
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Nitrosurea
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Drug classification: Lomustine
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Nitrosurea
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Drug classification: Stretozocin
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Nitrosurea
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Important Side effects Cyclophosphamide
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Hemorrhagic cystitis, SIADH
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Side effects Nitrogren Mustards
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Fatigue, Severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, N/V, Stomatitis, Reversible hair loss
Severe skin reactions Severe tissue damage Sterility |
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T/F Busulfan treats Hodgkin's disease
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False; they are used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia very, myeloproliferative leukemia
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T/F Busulfan treats polycythemia vera
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True; they are used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia very, myeloproliferative leukemia
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Bone marrow suppression, severe leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia are adverse reactions to which drug?
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Busulfan
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T/F Busulfan adverse reactions are dose related?
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True
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What drug should you be careful with when treating a patient on warfarin?
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Busulfan (causes anemia and thrombocytopenia)
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T/F Nitrosureas cross the blood brain barrier
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True
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Which drugs are used to treat brain tumors or meningeal leukemias?
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Nitrosoureas
Carmustine Lomustine Streptozocin |
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What are the adverse reactions to nitrosoureas?
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All produce severe nausea and vomiting
alopecia Mucosal ulceration Bone marrow suppression Kidney toxicity Pulmonary fibrosis Intestinal pneumonitis Encephalopathy Severe tissue damage if extavasation occurs |
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If a patient develops "sores" or ulcerations what drugs should they receive?
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Patients receive "cocktails" containing Nystatin, lidocaine, and benadryl
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Pulmonary fibrosis is often due to which nitrosourea?
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Carmustine
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Dacarbazine is which class of drug?
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Triazene
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MOA of Dacarbazine
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Functions as an alkylating drug after being activated by the liver
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Use of triazenes?
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Treats malignant melanoma, or as an adjunct therapy to Hodgkin's disease
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T/F Dacarbazine treat malignant melanoma?
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True: Treats malignant melanoma, or as an adjunct therapy to Hodgkin's disease
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What are the adverse reactions to Dacarbazine/Triazenes?
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Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia Nausea and vomiting (acute between 1-3 hours; can last days) Phototoxicity Flulike symptoms Hair loss |
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Thiotepa is which class of drug?
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Ethylenimines/alkylating agent
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Ethylenimines are used to treat which cancers?
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Bladder cancer, palliative treatment of lymphoma, ovarian or breast cancer, lung cancer, intracavitary effusions
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T/F: Thiotepa crosses the blood brain barrer?
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True
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What are the adverse reactions to thiotepa?
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Leukopenia
Anemia Thrombocytopenia Pancytopenia Nausea and vomiting Stomatitis and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa |
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what is another name for alkylating-like drugs?
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Platinum compounds "Platins"; these drugs can stay in the body up to 3 months
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What type of drug is Carboplatin?
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Alkylating like drug
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What type of drug is Cisplatin
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Alkylating like drug
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What type of drug is Oxaliplatin
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Alkylating like drug
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Which alkylating like drug is most likely to cause tinnitis and hearing loss?
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Cisplatin
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Which alkylating like drug is used for ovarian and lung cancer?
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Carboplatin
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Which alkylating like drug is used for metastatic testicular cancers?
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Cisplatin
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Cisplatin is the DOC for which cancer?
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testicular cancer
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Which alkylating like drug is used in combination to treat colorectal cancer?
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Oxaliplatin
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What is the MOA of antimetabolite drugs?
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They structurally resemble DNA base pairs so they can become involved in processes associated with DNA base pairs; competes for binding sites on enzymes or incorporates itself into DNA or RNA thereby interfering with cell growth and proliferation
(They insert themselves in the middle of the metabolyte) |
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Folic acid analogues are a subclassification of which type of drug?
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Antimetabolites
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Pyrimidine analogues are a subclassification of which type of drug?
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Antimetabolites
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Purine analogues are a subclassification of which type of drug?
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Antimetabolites
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Methotrexate is classified as which type of drug?
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Folic acid analogue/antimetabolite
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Pemitrexed is classified as which type of drug?
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Folic acid analogue/antimetabolite
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When a patient is on methotrexate, they must receive which supplements?
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Folate and B12
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MOA of methotrexate?
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Reversibly inhibits the action of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby blocking normal folic acid processing and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis.
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In which cell phase is methotrexate most sensitive?
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S phase
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Which cancers are folic acid analogues effective in treating?
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia CNS diseases Chriocarcinoma Osteogenic sarcoma Malignant lymphomas Cancers of the head, neck, bladder, testis and breast |
