Omm-I Terms, Concepts, Etc For Exam I

Front 1

Allopathy

Back 1

A therapeutic system in which a disease is treated by producing a second condition that is incompatible with or antagonistic to the first. (Stedman’s)

Front 2

Allopath

Back 2

A term used to refer those holding a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree, a non-osteopathic medical degree.

Front 3

Anterior component

Back 3

A positional descriptor used to identify the side of reference when rotation of a vertebra has occurred; in a condition of right rotation, the left side is the anterior component; usually refers to the less prominent transverse process; See also posterior component.

Front 4

Articulation

Back 4

a.The place of union or junction between two or more bones of the skeleton.
b.The active or passive process of moving a joint through its permitted anatomic range of motion. See also osteopathic manipulative treatment, articulatory treatment (ART) system.

Front 5

Asymmetry

Back 5

Absence of symmetry of position or motion; dissimilarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite sides of the body that are normally alike; of particular use when describing position or motion alteration resulting from somatic dysfunction.

Front 6

Axis

Back 6

a. An imaginary line about which motion occurs.
b. The second cervical vertebra.
c. One component of an axis system

Front 7

Backward bending:

Back 7

Opposite of forward bending. See extension.

Front 8

Barrier (motion barrier)

Back 8

The limit to motion; in defining barriers, the palpatory end-feel characteristics are useful. (Fig. 5)

Front 9

Anatomic barrier

Back 9

the limit of motion imposed by anatomic structure; the limit of passive motion.

Front 10

Elastic barrier

Back 10

the range between the physiologic and anatomic barrier of motion in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before tissue disruption.

Front 11

Pathologic barrier

Back 11

a restriction of joint motion associated with pathologic change of tissues (example: osteophytes). See also barrier, restrictive b.

Front 12

Physiologic barrier

Back 12

the limit of active motion

Front 13

Restrictive barrier

Back 13

a functional limit that abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range.

Front 14

Body unity

Back 14

One of the basic tenets of the osteopathic philosophy; the human being is a dynamic unit of function

Front 15

Bogginess

Back 15

A tissue texture abnormality characterized principally by a palpable sense of sponginess in the tissue, interpreted as resulting from congestion due to increased fluid content.

Front 16

Caudad

Back 16

toward the tail or inferiorly.

Front 17

Cephalad

Back 17

Toward the head.

Front 18

-ed

Back 18

A suffix describing status, position, or condition (e.g., extended, flexed, rotated, restricted).

Front 19

End feel

Back 19

Perceived quality of motion as an anatomic or physiologic restrictive barrier is approached.

Front 20

Health

Back 20

Adaptive and optimal attainment of physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and environmental well-being.

Front 21

-ion:

Back 21

A suffix describing a process or movement (e.g., extension, flexion, rotation, restriction).

Front 22

Kyphosis

Back 22

a.The exaggerated (pathologic) A-P curve of the thoracic spine withconcavity anteriorly.
b. Abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side (Dorland’s

Front 23

Lordosis

Back 23

a. The anterior convexity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term is used to refer to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, sway back) and to the normal curvature (normal lordosis). (Dorland’s).
b. Hollow back or saddle back; an abnormal extension deformity; anteroposterior curvature of the spine, generally lumbar with the convexity looking anteriorly (Stedman’s).

Front 24

Motion:

Back 24

a. A change of position (rotation, and/or translation) with respect to a fixed system
b. An act or process of a body changing position in terms of direction, course and velocity.

Front 25

4 types of motion

Back 25

1. Active: movement produced voluntarily by the patient.
2. Passive: motion induced by the osteopathic practitioner while the patient remains passive or relaxed.
3. Physiologic: changes in position of body structures within the normal range. See also physiologic motion of the spine.
4. Translatory: motion of a body part along an axis. See also translation.

Front 26

Direct method

Back 26

a. An osteopathic treatment strategy by which the restrictive barrier is engaged and a final activating force is applied to correct somatic dysfunction.

Front 27

Indirect method

Back 27

a. A manipulative technique where the restrictive barrier is disengaged and the dysfunctional body part is moved away from the restrictive barrier until tissue tension is equal in one or all planes and directions.

Front 28

Inhibitory pressure technique

Back 28

the application of steady pressure to soft tissues to reduce reflex activity and produce relaxation.

Front 29

Range of motion technique

Back 29

active or passive movement of a body part to its physiologic or anatomic limit in any or all planes of motion.

Front 30

Palpation diagnosis

Back 30

A term used by osteopathic practitioners to denote the process of palpating the patient to evaluate the structure and function of the neuromusculoskeletal and visceral systems.

Front 31

Palpatory skills

Back 31

Sensory skills used in performing palpatory diagnosis and osteopathic manipulative treatment

Front 32

Physiologic motion of the spine

Back 32

The three major principles of physiologic motion are:
I. When the thoracic and lumbar spine are in a neutral position (easy normal; See neutral Fig. 23), the coupled motions of sidebending and rotation for a group of vertebrae are such that sidebending and rotation occur in opposite directions (with rotation occurring toward the convexity). (Fig. 25). See somatic dysfunction, type I s.d.
II. When the thoracic and lumbar spine are sufficiently forward or backwardbent (non-neutral), the coupled motions of sidebending and rotation in a single vertebral unit occur in the same direction. (Fig. 26) See somatic dysfunction, type II, s.d.
III. 1. Initiating motion of a vertebral segment in any plane of motion will modify the movement of that segment in other planes of motion.
2. Principles I and II of thoracic and lumbar spinal motion described by Harrison H. Fryette, DO (1918), Principle III was described by C.R. Nelson, DO (1948).

Front 33

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

Back 33

a plane passing longitudinally through the body from one side to the other, and dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Front 34

Sagittal plane

Back 34

a plane passing longitudinally through the body from front to back and dividing it into right and left portions. The median or midsagittal plane divides the body into approximately equal right and left portions.

Front 35

Transverse plane (horizontal plane):

Back 35

a plane passing horizontally through the body perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower portions.

Front 36

Restriction

Back 36

A resistance or impediment to movement.

Front 37

Rule of threes

Back 37

A method to locate the approximate position of the transverse process (TP) of a thoracic segment by using the location of the spinous process (SP) of that same vertebra. The relationship is as follows:
• T1 to T3, TP is at the same level as tip of the SP
• T4 to T6, TP is one half vertebral level above the tip of the SP
• T7 to T9, TP is one full vertebral level above the tip of the SP
• T10, TP is one full vertebral level above the tip of the SP
• T11, TP is one half vertebral level above the tip of the SP
• T12, TP is at the same level as tip of the SP.

Front 38

Segment

Back 38

A portion of a larger body or structure set off by natural or arbitrarily established boundaries, often equated with spinal segment.
b. To describe a single vertebrae or a vertebral segment, corresponding to the sites of origin of rootlets of individual spinal nerves.
c. A portion of the spinal cord

Front 39

Segmental motion

Back 39

Movement within a vertebral unit described by displacement of a point at the anteriorsuperior aspect of the superior vertebral body with respect to the segment below.

Front 40

Sidebending

Back 40

Movement in a coronal (frontal) plane about an anteriorposterior (x) axis. Also called lateral flexion, lateroflexion, or flexion right (or left).

Front 41

Skin drag

Back 41

Sense of resistance to light traction applied to the skin. Related to the degree of moisture and degree of sympathetic nervous system activity

Front 42

S.T.A.R.

Back 42

A mnemonic for four diagnostic criteria of somatic dysfunction:
•Sensitivity changes
•Tissue texture abnormality
•Asymmetry and alteration of the quality and quantity of range of motion
•Range of motion

Front 43

Stretching

Back 43

Separation of the origin and insertion of a muscle and/or attachments of fascia and ligaments.

Front 44

Stringiness

Back 44

A palpable tissue texture abnormality characterized by fine or stringlike myofascial structures.

Front 45

T.A.R.T.

Back 45

A mnemonic for four diagnostic criteria of somatic dysfunction:
•Tissue texture abnormality,
•Asymmetry
•Restriction of motion
•Tenderness
Any one of which must be present for the diagnosis.

Front 46

Tenderness

Back 46

a.Discomfort or pain elicited by the osteopathic practitioner through palpation.
b.A state of unusual sensitivity to touch or pressure (Dorland’s).

Front 47

Tissue texture abnormality (TTA):

Back 47

A palpable change in tissues from skin to periarticular structures that represents any combination of the following signs: vasodilation, edema, flaccidity, hypertonicity, contracture, fibrosis, as well as the following symptoms:
• itching, pain, tenderness, paresthesias.

Front 48

Types of TTA’s include:

Back 48

bogginess, thickening, stringiness, ropiness, firmness (hardening), increased/decreased temperature and increased/decreased moisture.

Front 49

Traction

Back 49

A linear force acting to draw structures apart.

Front 50

Transverse process

Back 50

Projects laterally from the region of each pedicle. The pedicle connects the posterior elements to the vertebral body.

Front 51

Vertebral unit

Back 51

Vertebral unit: Two adjacent vertebrae with their associated intervertebral disk, arthrodial, ligamentous, muscular, vascular, lymphatic and neural elements. (Fig. 64)

Front 52

What are the 4 key osteopathic principles?

Back 52

1. the body is a unit (mind, body, spirit): “systems exist only in the minds of men” feeble attempts to rectify: mind-body connection, neuromusculoskeletal system. The systems are all interrelated.
2. the body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing and health maintenance
3. structure and function are reciprocally interrelated: structure follows function: design for a particular function (lymphatic vessels vs veins); function dependent of structure (respiratory structures)
4.rational therapy is based upon the understanding of the first three principles: “to find health should be the object of the doctor. Anyone can find disease.”

Front 53

What is homeostasis?

Back 53

balanced rhythms of the body; tendency to maintain internal equilibrium; maintain body parameters within a narrow range

Front 54

What is allostasis?

Back 54

protective mechanisms of the body; shift homeostatic rhythms into defensive mode when there are severe changes in the environment

Front 55

What is the Structure-Function Interrelationship?

Back 55

structure follows function
design for particular function (ie: lymphatic vessels vs. veins)
function dependent of structure (ie: breathing & rib cage)

Front 56

Rational Treatment as defined by AT Still

Back 56

“To find health should be the object of the doctor. Anyone can find disease” A.T. Still

Front 57

A working definition of stress

Back 57

The sum of biological reactions to any adverse stimulus, physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tends to disturb the organism’s homeostasis
Toward allostasis

Front 58

Can acute stress ever be helpful?

Back 58

acute stress can be helpful in short term: defense, avoidance, heightened awareness, performance improvement

Front 59

What are some problems related to chronic stress?

Back 59

Over stimulation of organ systems
Prolonged immune compromise
Imbalance in body homeostasis
Feedback systems ineffective
Change in sensitivity to neural and endocrine mediators
Illness

Front 60

What are some stress related diseases....name about ten

Back 60

stress diseases: headaches, peptic ulcers, RA, colitis, IBS, asthma, circulatory problems, muscle tension, cancer, hypertension, irregular heart rhythms

Front 61

What are some sources of stress?

Back 61

body: somatic dysfunction, pain, visceral disturbances
emotional: thoughts, attitudes, fears
genetic: age, inherited conditions: work in other areas to compensate
environment: microorganisms, toxins, tobacco, sleep deprivation
nutritional: caffeine (roller coaster effect), diet, alcohol

Front 62

P-450 Inhibitors

Back 62

Inhibitors Stop Cyber-Kids from Eating Grapefruit.

Isoniazid, Sulfonamides, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Erythromycin, Grapefruit juice