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171 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Increased interactions with Islamic and Byzantine civilizations
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Increased knowledge of Europeans' past (Rome, Greece, etc.)
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Knowledge of history led to four big movements
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Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment
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Europe After Black Death
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Urbanization, creation of middle class, more traders, influx of money!
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Humanism
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Type of Christianity - shift from focus on afterlife to focus on life on earth and celebrating human achievement. EFFECT - less authority of individuals
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Renaissance in Italy
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means "rebirth" - powerful families in city-states got rich on trade of art, and funded major productions
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Medici family
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Ruling family of Florence turned city into showcase of architecture and beauty - patron of major artists
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Michelangelo and Brunelleschi
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Great artists of Renaissance, funded by Medici
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Leonardo de Vinci and Donatello
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Humanist painters and sculptors depicted humans as realistically as possible - used light and shadow
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linear perspective
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nearby objects bigger, far away objects smaller; big development towards realism
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Effect of Renaissance on church
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Artists worked hard to create cathedrals (with domes), and decorating great churches
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Spread of Renaissance to north
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More subdued and religious than in Italy, but there were artistic centers (ex. Flanders)
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Van Eyck brothers and Albrecht Durer
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Painters from north who adopted naturalism from Italy and gained fame as portraitists
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Comparison btw Medieval and Renaissance Art
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Medieval art all religious, only in cathedrals, and flat. Renaissance more humanistic, realistic, adorned homes, and was worldly
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Invented the movable press in mid-1400s in Germany
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Printing Press
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Made books easy to make, and more affordable = more educated people & involvement in politics
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Vernacular
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Native language; printing press fueled demand for books written in it
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Machiavelli
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published The Prince, how-to book for monarchs who wanted to maintain power; suggested monarch should be seperate from church
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Erasmus
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One of most well-learned people in history, counseled leaders, wrote In Praise of Folly, satirical, was Christian Humanist
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Sir Thomas More
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English, wrote Utopia, describing a sort of socialistic ideal society, was Christian Humanist
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William Shakespeare
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Most famous European writer, humanist, but also showed influence of politics and mythology
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Church during Middle Ages
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EXTREMELY powerful influence, unifying force, pope was intermediary between man and god
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Indulgence
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Church sold them to reduce peoples' time in purgatory; used to finance immense building projects and maintain power over masses
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Effects of indulgences
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Nobles grew resentful of the church, fueled anti-church sentiments, spread frustration to peasant class, showed corruptness of church
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Martin Luther
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German Monk, author of 95 theses, biggest opponent of Catholic church, founder of Lutheranism and Protestant Reformation
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95 theses
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Outlined Luther's frustration with church: selling of indulgences=bad because salvation is given only through grace, bible should be in local languages, not latin; marginalized role of church
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Pope Leo X
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Outraged by 95 theses, excommunicated Luther when he refused to retract statements, was unsuccessful in arresting Luther
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Lutherans
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Followers of Luther, separated themselves from Catholic Church, formed many different interpretations of Bible
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John Calvin
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Frenchman who led powerful Protestant group by preaching ideology of predestination
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Calvanism
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Created by Calvin, influenced religious development in Scotland & France, said that destiny of humans predetermined, and only some would be saved from God's wrath
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King Henry VIII
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Separated from Catholic Church because was refused an annulment from the Pope, formed Anglican Church and put him as head
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Church of England
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Also called Anglican Church, formed by King Henry VIII (who acted as head of it) when refused annulment from Pope; was Protestant, and was supported by English people, but many did remain Catholic
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Effects of Protestant Reformation
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Made it acceptable to chalenge the wisdom of the church, allowed people to learn to read and form own relationships with god, paved way for revolutions in education, politics and science
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Catholic Reformation (aka the counter-reformation)
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Response to Protestantism, banned sale of indulgences, consulted more with bishops, trained priests to live catholic life more; church regained some credibility
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Ignatius Loyola
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former Spanish soldier and intellectual who founded society of Jesuits
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Jesuits
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Practiced self-control & moderation, said prayer led to salvation; led to a stricter training system and higher expectation for clergy; was influential in restoring faith in Catholic Church
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Council of Trent
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Presided over counter-reform from 1545 to 1563, defining Catholic interpretation of Bible and answer to important questions
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Result of Catholic Reformation
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They made an amazing comeback! It contained southward spread of Protestantism; South Catholic, North Lutheran, Scotland Calvanist, England Anglican
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Before Scientific Revolution
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Earth center of universe, Catholic Church & politics took focus away from science
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Developed mathematic theory saying planets revolved around sun, and Earth rotated on its axis, but wasn't really accepted until Galileo
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Galileo
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Wrote book defining Sun as center of universe, proofs refuted previous Ptolemaic model which was sanctioned by Catholic Church, was forced by church to recant, work palce on the Index, but continued to research
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The Index
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list of banned heretical works; Galileo's work placed on it
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Scientific meaning during High Middle Ages
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Scholasticism used reason as chief method of determining truth, most reliable means of determining scientific meaning
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Scientific meaning after Middle ages
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Scientific method - reason wasn't good enough, one had to prove what the mind concluded through experimentation, have mathematical support, and be repeatable
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Tycho Brahe
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Contributor to scientific method, built observatory and recorded observations
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Francis Bacon
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Contributor to scientific method, published works on inductive logic
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Johannes Kepler
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Developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematic
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Invented calculus to prove the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and others; developed law of gravity
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Effects of Scientific Revolution
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Eventually the Industrial Revolution, but immediately a major rift in society, as Christians began to reject beliefs - atheists and Deists
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Atheist
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Because of Scientific Revolution; those who believed no god existed
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Deists
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Because of Scientific Revolution; believed God exists, but plays a passive role in life, like as a watchmaker - popular in 1700s
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The Enlightenment
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Focused on the role of mankind in relation to the government, challenged Divine Right; CHANGED THE WORLD!!
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Divine Right
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Belief by monarchs that God had ordained their right to govern, and that meant that people had a moral and religious obligation to obey them
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Contrast between Divine Right and Mandate of Heaven
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Mandate of Heaven from China - emperors divinely chosen, if they didn't rule justly heaven would ensure their fall. Divine Right - justified absolute rule w/o any corresponding responsibilities
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Social Contract
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held that governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economic needs of those being governed
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Thomas Hobbes
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Wrote Leviathon, thought that people by nature were greedy and prone to violent warfare, and role of government should therefore be to preserve peace, advocated an all-powerful ruler
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John Locke
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Wrote Two Treatises on Government, thought mankind was good, that all men were born equal and had unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property; the primary right of government was to guarantee these natural rights, and the people had right to revolt against government that infringes upon these rights
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Wrote The Social Contract; thought that all men equal and that society should be organized according to the majority rule which everyone should subject themselves to; individual protected by community but also essentially free
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Voltaire
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Enlightenment writer who espoused idea of religious toleration
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Montesquieu
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Argued for separation of powers among branches of government
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Enlightened Monarchs
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Leaders who were still ruled absolutely, but made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase serf opportunity, and take on responsibilities of their rule
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Exploration before late 15th century
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Limited to land travel, only water travel was on Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, and that was only to connect land routes
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Reasons for sea exploration by Portugal and Spain
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Wanted to eliminate Muslim 'middleman;' advances in navigation and ship-building; development of gunpowder weapons; increase of European trade
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Head of royal family of Portugal who supported exploration, and who had good relations with Muslim states; financed travels of Bartholomew Dias
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Vasco de Gama
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Rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and explored east African kingdoms, and went all the way to India, where he established trade relations
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Christopher Columbus (aka Cristobal Colon)
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Explorer who convinced Spain government to finance voyage to China and India; however, underestimated size of Earth, and ended up in the West Indies, and started exploration of Americas!!
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Treaty of Torddesillas
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Agreement between Spain and Portugal that drew line down South America - Spain got west, Portugal got east; west side a lot bigger than east side
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Amerigo Vespucci
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explored South America around 1500, realized continent was huge, America named after him
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Ponce de Leon
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explored Florida for Spain in search of fountain of youth
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Vasco de Balboa
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Explored much of Central America for Spain, laid sight on Pacific Ocean
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Sailed around tip of S. America to Pacific Ocean for Portugal, he died, but crew became first to circumnavigate the globe
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Giovanni de Verrazano
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Explored N. American coast for France
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Sir Francis Drake
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Became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe
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John Cabot
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Explored N. American coast for England
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Henry Hudson
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Sailed for Dutch looking for northwest passage to Asia, explored the Hudson River and claimed that area
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Sternpost Rudder
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Invented in Chaina, allowed for better navigation and control of ships
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Lateen Sails
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Allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of the wind
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Astrolabe
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Used by sailors to find their way - determined latitude by measuring distance of sun and stars
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Magnetic Compass
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Borrowed from Chinese, allowed sailors to determine direction without staying in sight of land
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Three-Masted Caravels
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Large hips with very large sails that could hold provisions in their large cargo rooms
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Hernan Cortes
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in 1519, landed in Mexico, and took over Aztec empire with help of neighboring communities
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Montezuma
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Aztec ruler; mistook Cortes as a god and gave him gold, which only fueled Cortes' desire to conquer the civilization
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Reason for easy takeover of Aztecs by Spanish
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Smallpox, superior weapons, and assistance from Aztec enemies - reduced population from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million in 1580
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Francisco Pizarro
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With only 200 men, and with the aid of disease, superior weapons, and help from enemies, destroyed the Incas
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Peninsulares
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At top of Spanish colony hierarchy; select group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies
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Crillos (aka Creoles)
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After peninsulares on Spanish colony hierarchy; those born in colonies to Spanish parents. Were looked down upon by monarchy, but were very wealthy and educated
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Mestizos
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After Creoles on Spanish colony hierarchy; those with European and native American ancestry
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Mulattos
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After Mestizos on Spanish colony hierarchy; those with European and African ancestry
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Viceroys
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Appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain
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Encomienda System
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Like feudal system; provided peninsulares with land and a specified number of native laborers. Peninsulares, in return, were expected to protect natives and convert them to Christianity
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Spanish treatment of natives
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Christian missionaries appealed to viceroys, emperor, and church about native treatment; reform by empire was to reduce strain on natives by bringing in slaves to do work - effects were mistreatment of BOTH slaves and natives
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African Slave Trade
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Started with Portuguese explorers, spread to Americas as Europeans captured slaves from Africa, brought them to colonies, and then sold them for use on plantations - VERY CRUEL TREATMENT
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Columbian Exchange
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Transfer of food, animals,a nd resources between Americas and Europe; To America - horses, smallpox, pigs, goats, chili, and sugar; To Europe - squash, beans, corn, potatoes, and cacao
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Effects of Columbian Exchange on Europe
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Increased population, urbanization, increased cultivation, and growth of commercial interests.
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Effects of sugarcane in Americas
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Reulted in development of plantations throughout Spanish colonies, increased need for enslaved or forced labor once native populations declined, and the transformation of the natural landscape.
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Effects of silver on Americas
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Resulted in forced labor of Encomiendas - early mining depended on Native labor until it shifted to African slaves; also, it opened doors in Ming China
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Age of Exploration
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Age of maritime exploration of the globe by European countries and conquering of Americas - made possible by capitalism and joint-stock companies
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joint-stock companies
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an organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors; investors bought stock in company and received part of benefit
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Muscovy Company
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English joint-stock company that monopolized trade routes to Russia
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Dutch East India Company
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Dutch joint-stock company tjat controlled routes to the Spice Idlands
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Mercantilism
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Theory in which a country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported - balance of trade; if no balance, it implied weakness; it also fostered resentment in colonies
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
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From different regions of Spain; consolidated Spanish authority; aggressively supported exploration and built a powerful naval fleet
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Portugal's role in maritime exploration
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Initiated Age of Exploration, focused on coastal Africa, Indian Ocean, and the Spice Islands; because of size,w as unable to control large parts of Africa and India
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Charles V
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A Hapsburg who controlled the Holy Roman Emperor; had to fight many wars against France (for Italy) and Ottomans (for eastern Europe); due to excessive squabbling, abdicated thrown in 1556
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Hapsburg
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Family the originated in Austria that, through marriage, created a huge empire that stretched from Austria to Germany and Spain
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Ferdinand I
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Brother of Charles V who controlled Austria and Germany after Charles
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Phillip II
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Son of Charles V who controlled Spain and Burgundy (France), Sicily, Netherlands, and the American Spanish colonies after Charles abdicated; brought expansion in New World, led Catholic Reformation, and supported increase in missionary work; Dutch Netherlands revolted under his control
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Spanish Inquisition
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Oversaw by Phillip II to oust heretics and support Catholicism
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Spanish Armada
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Fleet of Spanish navy who tried to attack British Isle; were defeated by British, and this defeat invigorated English forces
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Act of Supremacy
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The decree by which King Henry VIII formed the Church of England (Anglican Church) and placed himself as head of it
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Elizabeth
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King Henry VIII divorced his wife so he could have a male heir, but failed in doing so, so this daughter came to power over England and ruled over the golden age known as the Elizabethan Age
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Elizabethan Age
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From 1558-1603; boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in New World, espesh after English fleet destroyed Spanish Armada; Muscovy Company and British East India Company founded; first English colonists settled in N. America
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James I
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Followed Elizabeth in 1607; attempted to institute reforms to accommodate Catholics and Puritans; many Pilgrims (Puritans) made mass migrations to Americas to escape prosecution
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Charles I
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Son of James assumed throne in 1625; made Petition of Right; did not call Parliament for 11 years until Scottish invasion; started civil war against Parliament - lost and was beheaded!
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Petition of Right
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Document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment; passed by Charles so he could get money from Parliament, but eventually ignored
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Long Parliament
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Charles forced to call Parliament when Scottish attacked; sat for 20 years; led by Puritans; limited absolute powers of the monarchy; denied Charles's request for money to fight Irish, and in response Charles led troops to arrest members, sparking a civil war!
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Oliver Cromwell
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Leader of the Roundheads, the Parliament army to fight the army of Charles during the English civil war and eventually defeated them
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English Commonwealth
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Oliver Cromwell rose to power as Lord Protector of it and ruled with religious intolerance and violence against Catholics and the Irish, which caused much resentment
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Stuart Restoration
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1660-1688; after Cromwell died, Parliament invited Charles II, son of beheaded Charles I, to take throne of England and restore limited monarchy. and he ruled with tolerance
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Habeas Corpus Act
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Charles II agreed to it in 1679; protects people from arrests without due process
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Glorious Revolution
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Bloodless change of leadership from James II, who was openly Catholic and was banished to France, to William and Mary, his son-in-law and daughter, and Protestant rulers of Netherlands; ensured England's future monarchs would be Anglican with limited powers
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English Bill of Rights
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Passed in 1689 by William and Mary after Glorious Revolution; limited powers of monarch
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Huguenots
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Group of French Protestants who developed a sizable and influential minority in France and constantly fought with Catholics throughout 16th century
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Henry IV
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King of France who, in 1598, issued the Edict of Nantes; was first Bourbon king (Bourbons ruled France for 200 years, until 1792)
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Edict of Nantes
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Issued by Henry IV in 1598; stopped fighting between Huguenots and Catholics and created environment of toleration
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Cardinal Richelieu
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A catholic; chief adviser to Bourbons; strengthened French crown; compromised with Protestants to attack Catholic Hapsburgs; established a new bureaucratic class
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Cardinal Mazarin
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Successor to Richelieu, who, with Richelieu, established new bureaucratic class that prepared France to hold the strong positions it eventually would
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Louis XIV
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Reigned France from 1643-1715; built palace of Versailles as royal palace; called himself "Sun God"; never summoned the Estates-General; revoked Edict of Nantes; appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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Appointed to manage royal funds under Louis XIV; a mercantilist who wanted to increase the size of French empire, increasing the opportunity for business transactions and taxes; therefore, France was almost always at war, allowing them to increase oversea holdings
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War of Spanish Succession
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Spain's ruler, Philip V, was the grandson of Louis XIV; England, the HRE, and Germany teamed together to prevent Spain and France from joining forces and creating a massive empire; bottom line: Phillip could rule Spain, but couldn't join with France, and France had to give up territory
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Philip V
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Grandson of Louis XIV and subject of the War of Spanish Succession; king of Spain for a while
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Germany during 1600s
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DID NOT really unify all that much - although there was the Holy Roman empire, it was very decentralized, with remaining feudalism, and a lot of religious divisions; also, 30 Years' War and fighting with Ottomans took away lots of their land
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Peace of Augsburg
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1555; intended to bring end to constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Germany
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Thirty Years' War
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Started as religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in HRE; all of Europe wanted a piece of the action; all of fighting remained in Germany, though; 7 million Germans killed; biggest beneficiary was France
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Peace of Westphalia
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Negotiated in 1648; independence of small German states affirmed, Prussia being the strongest; HRE survived in name until 1806, with LOTS less power though, and Hapsburg lost power
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Ivan III
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Of Moscow who, in 1480 refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol tule
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Ivan IV
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Grandson of Ivan IV; established absolute rule in Russia, uniting it and expanding it in the east; made agreements with Cossacks
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Cossacks
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Peasant-soldiers who made agreements with Russian army to be released from feudalism in exchange for conquering lands; expanded Russian territories from 15-1700s into Siberia and Caspian Sea
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Ivan the Terrible
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Nickname for Ivan IV, because he was such a strong leader and held such absolute power
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czar
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Russian for "Caesar"; leader of Russia
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Time of Trouble
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1604-1613; period after Ivan IV's death, in difficulty of finding a successor; one pretender to the throne would be killed by another and another
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Michael Romanov
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In 1613, was elected czar by feudal lords; the Romanov Dynasty asses stability to the empire and ruled until 1917; they consolidated power and ruled ruthlessly; greatly expanded empire
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Peter the Great
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Ruled 1682-1725; tried to westernize Russia; built new capital in St. Petersburg; people forced to shave their beards!
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Catherine the Great
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Ruled 1762-1796; implemented more enlightened policies of education and western culture; fiercely enforced serfdom and limited growth of merchant class; expanded to the west - Poland and Baltic Sea
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Ottoman Empire
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As the Mongol Empire fell, Ottomans in Anatolia rose to power to challenge weak Byzantine; at height, ruled all of Roman empire's land, except Italy, and was very tolerant (in the beginning); lasted until 1922
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Osman Bey
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Founded Ottoman Empire to unify Anatolia under Muslim rule
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Turks
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What the Ottomans were called; came to dominate modern-day Turkey and in 1453, invaded Constantinople (renamed it Istanbul), and ended the Byzantine Empire
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Janisaries
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Enslaved children of Christian subjects who were turned into fighting wariors
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Selim I
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Leader of Ottoman Empire who was responsible for the most growth; claimed to be rightful heir of Islamic tradition
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Suleiman I
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Ottomans experienced golden age under him, from 1520-1566; built up military and took parts of Hungary, but was halted at Vienna
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Safavids
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Chief rival of the Ottoman to the east; dominated by Shia Muslims; located in Iran; resulted in rifts between sects of Islam and alliances with Europeans against Ottomans
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Babur
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In 1526, Muslim descendant of Genghis Khan who invaded N. India and defeated Delhi Sultanate, forming the Mughal Empire
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Mughal Empire
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United almost the entire subcontinent of India for 150 years, founded by Babur; Muslim Empire
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Akbar
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Ruled 1556-1605; unified India with religious toleration; eliminated jizya, head tax on Hindus; improved position of women by trying to eliminate sati; result was golden age of art, architecture, and thought
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Shah Jahan
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Akbar's grandson, under whom the Taj Mahal was built
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Changes after Akbar
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Religious toleration ended - jizya reinstated, temples destroyed Hindus persecuted; arrival of Europeans - fighting over trade routes (Portugal and Britain) and eventual domination of most of India by British
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Songhai
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African Islamic state benefited by trans-Saharan trade; built on military conquests and military force; consolidated by Sunni Ali; Timbuktu great economic city; fell to Moroccans with superior weapons
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Kongo
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Located on west coast of Africa; bolstered by trade with Portuguese merchants in 1480s; initial close ties with Europeans were good! - kings converted to Christianity; eventually Portuguese used them for slaves, and war broke out, destroying Kongo
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King Alfonso I
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King of Kongo who converted lots of his people to Christianity to improve relations with Europeans
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Angola
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South of Kongo; started as small trading post by Portuguese for slaves; it grew into powerful state from trade; natives rebelled in a 40-year war
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Queen Nzinga
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United Angolan people to fight Portuguese in a 40 year war; gained support from Portuguese rivals and made great efforts, but eventually failed
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Zeng He
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Chinese navigator who led fleets throughout SE Asia and Indian Ocean during Ming Dynasty, but eventually was halted
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Decline of Ming Dynasty
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It booted out last of Mongols by 1368; used silver from Japan and Americas as currency - influxed economy and resulted in inflation; European pirates raided Chinese ports; famines and peasant revolts erupted
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Qing
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Asked in 1644 by Ming emperor to quell a rebellion, but instead they ousted the emperor and established the Qing (or Manchu) Dynasty and ruled China until 1912; were not ethnically Chinese, so used help of Chinese to run government, and used civil service exam to create jobs
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Kangxi
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Ruled Qing China from 1662 to 1722; was a Confucian scholar; supported the arts; conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, and Tibet
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Qianlong
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Ruled Qing China from 1735-1795; added Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal to China's vassal states; supported arts; was a Confucian scholar
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Chinese trade with Euopeans
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China was very strict with protecting their culture; restricted their trade to certain ports and oftentimes expelled them completely; exchanged tea for silver
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Japan during 1500s
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Feudalism waned and central power emerged; trade with Europeans increased dramatically, and Christian missionaries streamed in, and Japan was well on its way to westernization
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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Strict and rigid government that ruled Japan until 1868; consolidated power away from emperor at expense of daimyo; claimed personal ownership of lands and instituted rigid social class model like caste system
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Edo Period
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The Tokugawa period, marked by reversal in attitudes toward Western influences; Christian persecuted; instituted National Seclusion Policy
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National Seclusion Policy
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Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad, and prohibited foreigners from visiting Japan; remained in place for 200 years; Japan VERY serious about this policy
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Japanese culture!
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Buddhism and Shinto center of culture; Kabuki theater and haiku poetry became very popular; very domestic though, with NO outside influence
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