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old exam 10

Old Exam 10

by okgallop, Dec. 2011

Subjects: pozos rmudpt

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61 Cards in this Set

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	one motor neuron together with all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is a motor unit. the neurotransmitter released at the motor unit is acetylcholine dopamine epinephrine seratonin	acetylcholine
	A reflex arc wherein afferent fibers synapse directly onto motor neurons are called monosynaptic fibers. which interneurons are found in monosynaptic reflexes? inhibitory excitatory inhibitory and excitatory no interneurons in monosynaptic reflex	no interneurons in monosynaptic reflex
	a withdrawal reflex is an actin that moves an affected limb away from a harmful stimulus. For this action to occur, the painful stim must do what first? bypass dorsal root ganglion activate motor cortex activate sensory cortex first activate spinal reflexes so that muscles that direct the withdrawal from the painful stim will be activated	activate spinal reflexes so that muscles that direct the withdrawal from the painful stim will be activated
	The activation of neurons to one muscle with the simultaneous inhibit of neurons to its antagonist is called reciprocal innervation. For this to occur, which is needed? activation of agonist is due to activation of inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord activation of antagonist is due to activation of inhibitory interneurons in the motor cortex simultaneous avtivation of agonist and antagonist by excitatory interneurons simultaneous avtivation of agonist and antagonist by excitatory and inhibitory interneurons respectively	simultaneous avtivation of agonist and antagonist by excitatory and inhibitory interneurons respectively
	interneurons are unique among the neuronal cell groups in that they do what? produce only graded potentials and not action potentials comprise 90% of spinal cord neurons and have no mitochondria comprise 90% of spinal cord neurons and use glycolysis as their energy source All correct	all correct
	A form of hypertonia in which increased muscle contraction is continual and the resistance to passive stretch is constant is rigidity. What causes this? hyperactivation of alpha motorneurons independent of any stimuli activation of muscle spindles that are hypoactive activation of muscle spindles that are hyperactive activation of muscle spindles that no longer receive signals from autonomic ganglia	activation of muscle spindles that are hyperactive
	what causes hypertonia? increased activity of alpha motor neurons decreased activity of alpha motor neurons due to removal of spinal reflexes decreased activity of alpha motor neurons due to lack of energy. hence the patient has muscle atrophy first then hyporeflexia decreased activity of the alpha motor neurons due to lack of signals from higher pathways	decreased activity of the alpha motor neurons due to lack of signals from higher pathways
	There is a slight and uniform resistance when skeletal muscle is stretched by external force, called muscle tone, due to? activity of alpha motorneuron independent of sensory signal activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by its alpha motorneurons activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by its gamma motorneurons activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by sensory signals going solely to the cerebellum	activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by its gamma motorneurons
	When muscles are excited at almost the same time, its called coactivation. However, this is not common because? reflexes will inhibit the antagonist when the agonist is activated reflexes will inhibit the agonist when the antagonist is activated coactivation is common since motor signals from the brain can cause both agonist and antagonist to fire at the same time coactivation is common primarily in stroke patients and not in normal subjects since the hyperreflexia of the stroke patient causes coactivation	coactivation is common since motor signals from the brain can cause both agonist and antagonist to fire at the same time
	All parts of the cerebral cortex that act together to control muscle movement is called sensorimotor cortex. Because of this arrangement, what is correct? sensory signals from muscle must be received before any motor activity can be initiated all motor activity has a conscious sensory component complicated motor movements can be directed from the sensorimotor cortex the hierarchy of motor signals is that they start in spinal cord and then migrate to the sensorimotor cortex in normal subjects	complicated motor movements can be directed from the sensorimotor cortex
	Tilting of the subject in figure 10-14 (quiz q) when he raises left leg and still remains vertical without losing balance illustrates the importance of ____________ for posture. anticipatory signals that will stabilize his right leg anticipatory signals that will stabilize his left leg but not activate any other muscles anticipatory signals that will stabilize his left leg and will activate other muscle groups in his body inhibitory signals to the alpha motorneurons of his left leg that will stabilize his left leg so that it will not be influenced by the right leg	anticipatory signals that will stabilize his right leg
	You have been bitten by a mosquito and it causes exquisite pain. Which neuroanatomical component will need to be activated first so that your sensory cortex can sense the pain of the bite? afferent neurons thalamus the first place pain signals are sensed by your patient is sensory cortex brainstem	thalamus
	What muscle actions occur during a crossed extensor reflex (stepping on a nail)? contralateral flexor and extensor muscles both contract producing coactivation ipsilateral extensor muscle contracts and the ipsilateral flexor muscle relaxes and in this manner, the extensor will more you away from the stimulus ipsilateral extensor muscle relaxes and the ipsilateral flexor muscle contracts allowing withdrawal of limb from the stimulus contralateral extensor muscle relaxes and the contralateral flexor contracts allowing withdrawal	ipsilateral extensor muscle relaxes and the ipsilateral flexor muscle contracts allowing withdrawal of limb from the stimulus
	In the motor cortex, sites controlling an individual muscle are not located together but are distributed over a wide area. What is true? arms have the largest representation in the motor cortex legs have the largest representation in the motor cortex external genitalia have the largest representation in the motor cortex lips have the largest representation in the motor cortex	lips have the largest representation in the motor cortex
	Parkinsons disease is caused by decrease in _______, which is released by neurons in the ______. dopamin, substantia nigra ACh, substantia nigra dopamine, basal nuclei ACh, basal nuclei	dopamine, substantia nigra
	Active stretch of a muscle by an external load activates the spindle stretch receptors and ________ the rate of APs being transmitted to the afferent nerve. Voluntary contraction of extrafusal fibers removes tension on the stretch receptros and _______ the rate of APs decrease, increase increase, decrease decrease, no affect increase, no affect	increase, decrease
	Active stretch of a muscle by an external load activates the spindle stretch receptors and ________ the rate of APs being transmitted to the afferent nerve. Voluntary contraction of extrafusal fibers removes tension on the stretch receptros and _______ the rate of APs decrease, increase increase, decrease decrease, no affect increase, no affect	increase, decrease
	Which of the following is/are correct regarding hypotonia? condition of abnormally low muscle tone caused by increased gamma motor neuron activity infrequetly accompanies disorders of the alpha motor neuron spasms and cramps occur suddenly primarily a psychological diagnosis since hypotonia is associated with depression	spasms and cramps occur suddenly
	What is a motor unit comprised of? motor neuron motor neuron and all its skeletal muscles motor neuron pool, motor neuron and all its skeletal muscles motor nueron and motor neuron pool	motor neuron and all its skeletal muscles
	The postural system must be able to maintain an upright posture in the presence of gravity. Which of the following sensory systems is most sensitive to gravitational changes vision semicircular canals audition stretch receptors	semicircular canals
	Afferent info about the position of the body and its parts in space is processed in the cerebral cortex and is called proprioception. In space flight astronauts who are in space for 30 days or longer lose this orientation. What causes this? decrease in firing by all sensory receptors decrease in processing of afferent signals in sensorimotor cortex decrease in adaptation of gravity receptors inactivatoin of various receptros in space leadeing to less info being processed by the sensorimotor cortex	inactivatoin of various receptros in space leadeing to less info being processed by the sensorimotor cortex
	A person who is myopic is nearsighted. What is true about this condition? cant see as far as normal person cant see as near as normal person eyeball is too short primarily produced by abnormalities of the retina to process images	cant see as far as a normal person
	Hyperopic is farsighted. What is correct? condition caused by eyeball being too short condition caused by eyeball being too long focal point is in front of the retina condition of malformation of the lens	condition caused by eyeball being too short
	Astigmatism is? condition in which the lens loses its opacity and becomes cloudy is a disease in which retinal cells are damaged as a result of increased pressure within the eye is a disease in which the lens lose their elasticity condition in which defects in vision occur when the lens or cornea does not have a smoothly spherical surface	condition in which defects in vision occur when the lens or cornea does not have a smoothly spherical surface
	Nystagmus is condition with large jerky back and forth eye movement in response to unusual vestibular input in normal people. When it occurs the process that detects eyeball movement has done what? Has wrongly processed info to assume that the body is turning rapidly in one direction Has wrongly processed info to assume that the head is turning rapidly in one direction Has wrongly processed info to assume that the lower body is turning rapidly in one direction Has wrongly processed info to assume that the trunk is turning rapidly in one direction	Has wrongly processed info to assume that the head is turning rapidly in one direction
	Color blindness is inherited disease mostly in men. Which group of cells are most affected by this condition? rods cones amarcrine cells horizontal cells	cones
	If you experience unfamiliar patters of linear and rotational acceleration and you have not yet adopted to these patterns, you have motion sickness. This disease is characterized by nausea and vomiting in some cases. Which is responsible for these signs? cervical part oft eh sympathetic nervous system cranial part of PNS sacral part of PNS thoraco component of the SNS	Cranial part of PNS
	Brain structrures call olfactory bulbs are the site where axons of the olfactory receptor cells synapse. When you smell someting obnoxious, you rapidly move away from it. How does that occur? olfactory receptor cells bypass the olfactory bulb and send signals directly to the motor cortex olfactory receptor cells send signals directly to the motor cortex, bypassing any group of neurons that process olfactory signals olfactory receptor cells send signals to the olfactory bulb which then transmits the date to the sensory cortex and the to the motor cortex olfactory receptor cells send signals to the olfactory bulb which then transmits the data directly to motor cortex	olfactory receptor cells send signals to the olfactory bulb which then transmits the data to the sensory cortex and the to the motor cortex
	The stapes malleus and incus are the movable chain of three bone that act as a piston and couple vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window, thus amplifying the sound pressure transmitted to the inner ear. What does the signal do once it is in the inner ear? the signal is considered a chemical and activates different cochlea neurons the signal will activate different cochlear motor neurons based on their frequency the signal will activate different cochlear sensory neurons based on their frequencies the signal will activate all cochlear motor neurons with the same frequencies. interpretation is then done at eh auditory level	the signal will activate different cochlear sensory neurons based on their frequencies
	The selective suppression of pain without effects on consciousness or other sensations is called analgesia. A patient comes to see you and mentions that she does not have pain sensation in her right leg. She suffered a stroke 5 months ago and cant walk. This analgesic condition is caused by? a. destruction of pain receptors in her right leg due to stroke b. destruction of dorsal root ganglion neurons in the right part of the spinal cord due to stroke c. destruction of left sensory cortex area neurons that recieve signal from leg d. destruction of left motor cortex areas that receive signals form leg	C) destruction of left sensory cortex area neurons that recieve signal from leg
	Meniere’s disease results from increased pressure in the inner ear, including the cochlea and the semicircular canals. It is believed to be caused by deficits in absorption and renewal of the endolymph and the distension of the structures in these areas. As a result, both hearing and vestibular disruptions occur. When will this condition manifest itself? a. Only when a person moves his head b. When a person hears music c. Going from horizontal to vertical position d. Anytime since the receptors will be activated independent of external stimulus	D) anytime since the receptors will be activated independent of external stimulus
	Otoliths are structures that respond to change in position and subsequently activate receptors located in which organ? a. Semicircular canals which detect angular acceleration of the head b. Utricle detect horizontal movement of the trunk c. Saccule which detect vertical acceleration of the body d. Saccule which detects vertical acceleration of the head e. All of these are correct	D) saccule which detects vertical acceleration of the head
	How does the size of the receptive field in skin sensory neurons influence the perceived sensation? a. Mechanoreceptors with large receptive fields sense fine touch while those with small receptive fields sense pressure b. Mechanoreceptors with large receptive fields adapt more easily c. Mechanoreceptors with small receptive fields sense fine touch while those with large receptive fields sense pressure d. The larger the receptive field, the more summation of graded potentials is produced slowly	C) mechanoreceptors with small receptive fields sense fine touch while those with large receptive fields sense pressure
	Tissue damage leads to pain sensation since histamine and bradykinin are released at the site of injury and these chemicals activate nociceptors. What can influence the transmission of the pain signal to the thalamus? a. Sensory signals from skin in the area in which there was tissue damage b. Motor signals arising from the area in which there was tissue damage c. Descending signals from the motor cortex that are responding to the sensory signal d. Nothing since it is important for the body to sense where the pain is arising	A) sensory signals from skin in the area in which there was tissue damage
	How is visual information relayed in the retina (prior to entering the optic nerve)? a. Rods synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve b. Cones synapse onto amacrine cells which synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve c. Cones synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto amacrine cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve d. Cones synapse directly onto horizontal cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve e. Rods synapse onto ganglion cells which synapse onto bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve	A) rods synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve
	What is the correct order of sound signal transmission? 1. Vibration of tympanic membrane 2. Sound energy is transferred to the oval window 3. Vibration of the basilar membrane 4. Sound energy travels to the inner ear 5. Hair cell movement a. 1,2,4,3,5 b. 1,3,4,2,5 c. 1,4,2,3,5 d. 1,2,3,4,5 e. 1,3,2,4,5	C) 1,4,2,3,5
	Match the taste with its signal transduction mechanism a. Salt – sodium enters channels in receptor cell membrane b. Sour – hydrogen blocks sodium channels c. Sweet – G protein coupled receptor signaling leads to the opening of sodium channels d. Bitter – hydrogen blocks potassium channels e. Umami – G protein coupled receptors signaling leads to the opening of potassium channels	A) salt – sodium enters channels in receptor cell membrane
	How do we distinguish a weak stimulus from a strong stimulus? a. Frequency of graded potentials, action potential summation, and recruitment b. Amplitude of action potential, graded potential summation, and recruitment c. Frequency of action potentials, graded potential summation, and recruitment d. None of these	C) frequency of action potentials, graded potential summation, and recruitment
	In sensory coding, what is the purpose of lateral inhibition? a. Determine the type of stimulus b. Determine the duration of a stimulus c. Increase acuity in determining stimulus location d. Increase stimulus intensity e. Decrease stimulus intensity	C) increase acuity in determining stimulus location
	An auditory receptive field is _______ a. The region of the brain that causes activity in a sensory unit b. The region of the spinal cord that causes activity in a sensory unit c. The region of the ear that causes activity in a sensory unit d. The region of the spinal cord that causes activity in a motor unit e. The region of the ear that causes activity in a motor unit	C) the region of the ear that causes activity in a sensory unit

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