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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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55 B.C. - what happens?
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Caesar tries to overtake Britain, but they are so fierce he gives up for the next century
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Caesar
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43 A.D. - what happens?
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Emperor Claudius sent an army, that, by 50 A.D., had subjugated most of what is known today as England
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Emperor
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In 410 - what happened?
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Rome was burned by the Goths who were trying to get away from the Huns; while they were fleeing they overtook Rome, France and Africa
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Huns and Goths
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Who were the Picts and why were they important?
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Picts painted their faces blue and fought naked in battle, therefore the Romans built a wall to keep them out. While being attacked bu the Picts the Romans hired some German Mercenaries to fight because Germans like to be in a battle. Thus, Britain became a Germanic land because the Germans decided to stay.
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Blue faces
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Britain or England?
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Britain was the name of the country while the Celts were there. After the Germans came it was changed to England in 650 AD - the Land of the Angles - En- Gall - Land
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Celts/Germans
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West Germanic People
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German, Dutch, English Tribes
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North Germanic People
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Denmark, Norway, Swedan, Iceland
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East Germanic People
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Goths
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4 Main Tribes of England
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AJFG
Angles Jutes Frisians Saxons |
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Sussex, Wessex, Essex
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South Saxons
West Saxons East Saxons |
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What happened in 597?
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Pope Gregory saw some blonde Angle children, and remarks that they are like angels and should be Christianized. He send a mission under St. Augustine to Kent. Christianity brought Latin to England through the Bible, that is why hold words are often in Latin. The king was converted to Christianity and then England got all the technology that Rome had - (writing, reading, etc.) starting with Augustine in Canterbury
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Angles - children & a Pope
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What happened in 731?
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Bede, a historian, from North Umbria, wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" - he had access to a large library, main center for books in England
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Historian wrote something
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RUNE
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Pre-historic Germanic Alphabet called FUTHARK etched into wood, not on papyrus like Roman Empire wrote on
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Alphabet
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793
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Vikings invaded Northumbrian coast, taking over wealthy Lindisfarne Priory. By the end of the 9th century, Vikings had taken over much of England
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VIKINGS
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871-878
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Alfred the Great beats the Vikings, and in 878 Viking leader is forced to accept Christianity and adhere to the Dane Law Treaty that states that anything north of the decided line would be ruled by Danish law. Alfred cared about English Education when it came to writing and reading, he revitalized many of the English monastaries, and translated 5-6 books from Latin to English before he died. He also could read/write (obviously) which was rare for a king.
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THE GREAT
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After 890's
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Vikings lived in England and massive borrowings between two languages took place, but did not impede understanding
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Language borrowing between two groups
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899 what happened?
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King Alfred dies -
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Someone kicks the bucket
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1014
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Everything changes
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1066
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Normandy invades France
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What is compounding?
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Putting two words together - landlord, homestead, featherbed, daytime
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two
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What is affixing?
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Adding a prefix or a suffix, bequeath, bloodless, childish
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adding
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What is borrowing?
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Using a word from a different language - martyr=latin, radish/husband=Vikings, they, them, we are. Most words were borrowed from Norse, Latin, and Welsh.
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Using from another culture
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What is functional shift?
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A noun becomes a verb and vice versa. To mask, to elbow. (no FS in OE)
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Does not exist in OE
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What is analogy?
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Change in existing forms or creation of new forms on the basis of other, pre-existing forms. Example - many irregular English nouns such as earlier foe/fon have taken -s plurals by analogy with regular plurals like hoe/hoes
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Verbs (different types) -
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Declension
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Inflections of nouns, pronouns and adjectives - ask, axe, acsian
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Inflections..
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Strong Verbs
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Sing, Sang, Sung
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Weak Verbs
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Televised ME adds ED to end of word for past tense, OE adds an N to the end - lie, lay, lain
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Lie/Lay/Lain
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Allophone
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Variants of a phoneme or letter that are still recognizable. Put or leap /p/
Making a letter aspirated or unaspirated, how you pronounce the same letter differently. |
Variations of the same letter
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Irregular Verbs
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Don't end in ES or S - Fly, Flew, Flown or Know, Knew, Known
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Fly, Flew, Flown
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Did OE speakers LOVE compound words?
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Yes, they had a habit of compounding 3 words at a time.
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4 verb endings
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Old English speakers always used subject and got rid of verb endings. Singan, Sang, Sungon, Sungen -- PDE reduced this from 4 parts to three --- Sing, Sang, Sung
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Sing, Sang, Sung... Singan, Sang, Sungon, Sungen
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How do you tell different dialects from one another?
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Pronunciation, Lexicon, Grammar, Phonology
PLGP |
4 ways to tell
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What were the FOUR MAIN OE dialects?
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Northumbrian - North
Mercian = Middle Wessex= Alfred the Great spoke, became standard Kentish - Kent |
NMWK
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Generalization (Semantic Change)
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When a word comes to have a wider general application - thing
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Wider
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Narrowing
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A word that has ambiguous meaning is narrowed down to one word or meaning
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smaller
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Amelioration
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Changed to a more favorable meaning
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Better
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Pejoration
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Changed for the worse.. saelig meant happy, now has become foolish
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Worse
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Strengthening
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Word is changed to have a more significant meaning
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More significant
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Weakening
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Decreases in force or quality of meaning, ex- spill used to mean kill
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Spill used to mean kill
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What is shift in denotation?
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Extreme shift where path of change is almost untraceable. OE dwellan meant "to lead into error, decieve, wander, etc." - VERY different meaning from its PDE descendant dwell.
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extreme
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What is in Strong Verb Class 1?
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I-a-i-i (accent on first I, long I)
Scinan 'shine' scan, scinon, scinen |
Starts with I
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What is in Strong Verb Class 2?
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eo-ea-u-o (accent on the e's, long e)
smeocan 'smoke' sceac, smucon, smocen |
Starts with eo
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What is in Strong Verb Class 3?
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i-a-u-u-
singan 'sing' sang, sungon, sungen |
Starts with i
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What is in Strong Verb Class 4?
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e-ae-ae-o
Stelan 'steal' stael, staelon, stolen |
Starts with e
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What is in Strong Verb Class 5?
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e-ae-ae-e
Sprecan 'speak' spraec, spraecon, sprecen |
Starts with e, ends with e
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What is in Strong Verb Class 6?
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a-o-o-a -
Scacan 'shake' scoc, scocon, scacen |
Starts with a, ends with a
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What did ae become as a result of front mutation?
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e
Example - hwaet -hwettan |
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What did a + nasal become as a result of front mutation?
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e -
mann - menn |
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What did a (long a) become as a result of front mutation?
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ae
lar - laeran |
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What did o become as a result of front mutation?
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e
olium - ele |
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What did LONG o become as a result of front mutation?
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Long e -
dom (judgment) - deman (to judge) |
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What did u become as a result of front mutation?
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Y
cuman (to come) - cyme (arrival) |
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What did LONG u become as a result of front mutation?
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LONG Y
mus (mouse) - mys (mice) |
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What did e become as a result of front mutation?
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i
beran (to bear) - bir (e) p - it bears |
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What did ea become as a result of front mutation?
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y
eald (old) - yldra (older) |
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What did ea (with a LONG e) become as a result of front mutation?
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LONG Y -
dream (joy) - dryman (to rejoice) |
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What did eo become as a result of front mutation?
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y
feorr (far) - afyrran (to remove) |
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What did eo (with a LONG e) become as a result of front mutation?
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LONG Y -
beodan (to offer) - bytt (it offers) |
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What are bilabial stops in Old English?
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p, b
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What are alveolar stops in Old English?
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t, d
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What are velar stops in Old English?
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k, g
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What are alveo-palatal affricates in Old English?
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c^, j^
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They did not exist in Germanic, new
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Labio-dental fricatives in OE?
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F
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Inter-dental fricatives in OE?
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(theta)
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Alveolar fricatives in OE?
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s
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Alveo-palatal fricatives in OE?
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s^
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This also did not exist in Germanic, new
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Velar fricatives in OE?
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h
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Bilabial nasals in OE?
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m
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Alveolar nasals in OE?
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n
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Alveolar laterals in OE?
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l
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Alveolar retroflex in OE?
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r
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Bilabial semivowels in OE?
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w
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Alveo-palatal semivowels in OE?
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j
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Old English Nouns (Morphology)
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Inflected for three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive and dative) and two numbers (singular and plural).
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The gender of nouns was...
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Grammatical, not natural or biological as in PDE. That is, gender did not - except more or less by chance correspond to the actual sex of the referent
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"weak" nouns..
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ended in -en, an, um, etc.. some PDE nouns retained these weak endings - oxen is an example
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Nouns went from many types
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to ONE TYPE
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Syntax
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Is WORD ORDER, the way in which words are arranged to form phrases, clauses, and sentences... the word order or structure of sentences
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PDE has only two noun inflections and four verb inflections
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Possessive and plural nouns, third-person singular, past tense, past participle and present participle
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Weaknesses in OE inflections
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too many possible endings, phonology stressed root syllables and lightly stressed succeeding syllables, loanwords made it hard to use inflections
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Inflections
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Variation in the form of a word to indicate a change in meaning or in grammatical relationships with other elements in the sentence. Inflection of nouns and pronouns is called declension... inflections of PDE adjectives is called comparison, Inflection of verbs is called conjugations
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Allophone
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any of the nondistinctive variants of a phoneme. For instance, aspirated p and unaspirated p are both allophones of the phoneme /p/ in PDE
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Affricate
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A sound produced by complete stoppage of flow of air followed by slow constricted release as a fricative. English affricates are c> and j>
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Derivational affix
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An affix used to form a new word by derivation. For example, the adjective leathery is formed from the noun leather by adding the derivational suffix -y
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dialect
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The form of a language spoken in a particular geographic area, or the form spoken by a particular group within a given area, such as occupational, social, or ethnic dialect.
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Diphthong
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A glide from one vowel position to another within a single syllable. For example, in the word toy, the sound represented by OY is a diphthong (oi) that glides from (o) to (i)
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Front vowel
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A vowel formed with the highest part of the tongue arched toward the hard palate at the front of the mouth. PDE front vowels are i, I, e, E, ae
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Grammar
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The structure of a language and the rules that govern it
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Lexicon
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The total inventory (including words) of the morphemes of a language
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Morpheme
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The smallest meaningful unit of a language. The world unlikely, for example, consists of three morphemes - un-, like-, and -ly.
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Morphology
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The study of the combination of stems and affixes to form words
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Phonology
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The system of speech sounds in a language, especially at a given period or in a particular area; for instance, we might speak of the phonology of the Northumberland dialect in late Middle English
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Phoneme
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The smallest speech unit that can distinguish one word or group of words from another. For example /f/ and /v/ are separate phonemes in PDE because they distinguish such words as fat/vat and strife/strive
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Semantics
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The study of meaning in language, word formation
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