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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What point have you reached when half of the test group is dead?
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The LD50.
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When is something considered non-toxic?
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When it is toxic at >5g/kg body weight.
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When is something considered extremely toxic?
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When it is toxic at a few micrograms/kg body weight.
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When testing a group, what is the threshold?
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When part of the group starts to have a response.
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Made up of phospholipid bilayers, surrounds cell.
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Cell membrane.
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Has double phospholipid bilayers, surrounds nucleus.
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Nuclear membrane.
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Folds proteins.
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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Protein factories.
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Ribosomes.
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Stores toxins that can't be broken down.
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Makes ATP.
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Mitochondria.
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Does photosynthesis for plants.
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Chloroplasts.
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Holds water for plants.
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Water vacuoles.
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What does Strontium-90 mimic in the body?
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Calcium.
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What element is critical to thyroxine?
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Iodine
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Why are toxins worse for babies than adults? (3 reasons)
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More concentrated, less detoxifying enzymes, it builds up as babies grow.
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What is the half life of Carbon 14?
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5,730 years.
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The lifetime aquisition of toxins.
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Bioacculmulation.
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When biotransformation works.
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Detoxification.
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The human kidney is surrounded by an ________.
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Adipose capsule.
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Tube that carries urine out of the body.
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Urethra.
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_______ is the famous Russian historical personality that induced his P450 cytochrome to high levels.
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Rasputen.
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Adds hydroxyl groups to toxic metabolites.
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P450 cytochrome.
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I-131 concentrates in the _______.
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Thyroid gland
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Sets the basal metabolic rate.
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Thyroxine.
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Causes neck goiter.
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Hypothyroidism.
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Causes higher trophic levels to have the most toxins.
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Biomagnification.
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Lead from the kidney to the bladder.
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Ureters.
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Carries blood from the heart.
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Aorta.
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Carries blood to the heart.
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Vena cava.
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Can be added to make a molecule polar.
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Amino or carboxyl groups.
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Condition that Czar Nick's child had.
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Hemophelia.
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Everone in Michigan in the 1970s was exposed to ____.
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PBB
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Drug that simulates thyroxine.
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Synthroid.
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What condition produces exophthalmos?
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Hyperthyroidism.
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The first biotransformation strategy.
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Hydrolysis.
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Sits atop kidneys.
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Adrenal gland.
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Blood vessel which brings blood to kidneys.
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Renal artery.
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Absorbs nutreints into the body.
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Small intestine.
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Creates bile.
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Liver.
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Is the first place where amylase is made.
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Salivary gland.
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Absorbs water into the body proper.
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Large intestine.
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Where waste leaves the body.
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Anus.
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How long are the intestines?
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30 feet.
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Carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
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Esophagus.
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Creates a cocktail of digestive enzymes.
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Pancreas.
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Stores bile.
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Gall bladder.
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First place where proteins are digested.
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Stomach.
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Breaks up fats.
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Bile.
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Can pass through the walls of the stomach.
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Alcohol.
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Easiest symptom to quantify.
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Deadness.
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Two combined effects is greater than each seperate effect.
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Synergistic.
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Most deadly natural toxin.
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botulinus
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Holes in the nucleus.
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Nuclear pores.
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Where phospholipid bilayers are produced.
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Makes endoplasmic reticulum look "rough".
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Ribsomes.
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Four biotransformation strategies.
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Hydrolysis, add hydroxyl groups, add charged functional goups, or attach it to glutathione.
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Six supceptability factors.
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Age, gender, diet, lifestyle, health status, genetics.
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Vitamins that can be overdosed on.
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Vitamins A, D, and E.
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What is exphthalmos?
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Eye muscles swell up larger, cause blindness.
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What is the metabolic half life of marijuana?
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36 days.
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Indentation in the kidney.
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Renal hilus.
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Filters out the blood.
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Kidney.
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Where oxygen is exchanged in the lungs.
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Alveoli.
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Where things are exchanged in the blood.
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Capillaries.
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Weakness in the side of a blood vessel.
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Aneurysm.
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Carry blood away from the heart.
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Arteries.
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Bring blood to the heart.
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Veins.
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Lines blood vessels.
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Endothelium.
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Veins brach off into _______.
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Venules.
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Lipid soluble toxins. (Name 4)
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PCB, PBB, dioxin, LSD.
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Bone cells.
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Osteocytes.
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New bone cells.
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Osteoblasts.
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Bone cell destroyers.
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Osteoclasts.
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Cell suicide.
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Apoptosis.
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Produce keratin, which kills them.
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Keratinocytes.
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Attaches lungs to the esophagus.
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Trachea.
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Two kinds of cholesterol.
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HDL and LDL. (LDL is bad)
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Three exposure routes, in order of slowness.
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Dermal, Ingestion, Inhalation
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50% of fecal material is ________.
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Dead bacteria.
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Fleshy hairs on the inside of the intestines.
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Villi.
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Carry fat out of the intestines through the villi.
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Lymph tubes.
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The inner space in a tube.
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Lumen.
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Voice-box.
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Larynx.
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Blocks food from entering the lungs.
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Epiglottis.
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Split off the trachea.
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Bronchii.
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Split off the bronchii.
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Bronchioles.
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GRAS list.
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List of substances that are used in product manufacturing and Genrally Recognized As Safe.
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Three herbicide mechanisms.
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Attach to cytochrome in the ETS, build up high-enegry particles, stop amino acid production.
ETS = Elecron transfer system |
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Study of shapes.
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Topology.
~is this topography? ~yes, in fact it is |
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The donut shape.
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Torus.
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