Official Exam 3 Study Guide

Front 1

Viruses differ from bacteria in that viruses

Back 1

are obligate intracellular parasites

Front 2

Viruses may contain genetic information in the form of

Back 2

ssRNA

Front 3

The outer “wall” of certain viruses that contain spikes for attachment and that is acquired through the budding of the virus through its host cell wall is a(n):

Back 3

envelope

Front 4

Retroviruses differ from other viruses in that:

Back 4

vRNA is converted into dsDNA

Front 5

During the (1) cycle the virus inserts the genetic information which allows for production of new virions without inserting itself into the host genome, while in the (2) cycle the genetic information inserts itself into the host genome and allows for production of the virions generations after the host cell has replicated.

Back 5

1) irreversible attachment
2) specific attachment

Front 6

In certain occasions, genetic information passed from the virus to host cell can cause signaling pathway disruptions leading to the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells. The term given to these genes are:

Back 6

Oncogenes

Front 7

True/False: Prions are considered living organisms.

Back 7

false!

Front 8

Certain enveloped viruses can cause auto-immunological disorders even after the virus has been cleared from the patient. These viruses have been isolated and found to contain specific proteins that are identical to proteins found in host cells. In 2 sentences explain how it is possible for the enveloped virus to contain the same proteins as the host cell.

Back 8

When a virus injects the DNA or RNA into a host and then more viruses are made they burst from the host cell but they use coat proteins from the host to make the new envelope. The new envelope comes from the host plasma membrane which can contain membrane proteins. It's liek antigenic shift..Lipid Bilayer Fusion

Front 9

What is the term given to microbes that are applied or ingested into the body (through yougurt for example) that are intended to provide a beneficial effect?

Back 9

Probiotics

Front 10

A (1) is a response or change in function by the host such as fever, cough, or low energy.

Back 10

1) symptom

Front 11

A (1) are visual changes produced in tissues owing to the pathogen such as a rash, or inflammation.

Back 11

1) Sign

Front 12

What kind of disease is acquired by many hosts in a specific area over a short period of time?

Back 12

Epidemic disease

Front 13

Methycillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) has recently began to cause alarm and panic in hospitals. This mutant strain of S. aureus finds itself into patients through surgical wounds and creates health issues in infected patients. What is this type of infection called and what are some criteria for individuals to become infected? (This question can be answered in 1-2 sentences, so don’t think to much into it)

Back 13

People who are treated in hospitals are often advised not to be kept in the medical surrounding for too long. Due to their compromised health they face a secondary infection called an nosocomial infection. MRSA being so resistant to antibiotics is optimal for being in medical settings waiting for immuno compromised patients.

Front 14

What is the name of the structure located on Streptococcus pneumoniae that prevents phagocytosis of the bacteria?

Back 14

Capsule

Front 15

What enzyme produced by certain bacteria hydrolyzes collagen (connective tissues) and which may lead to gang green?

Back 15

Collagenase

Front 16

1) are toxins that are produced in the inside gram positive bacteria and secreted into the extra cellular matrix, while 2) are the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide on gram negative bacteria that are released when the cell is phagocytosed.

Back 16

1) Exotoxin
2) Endotoxin

Front 17

What type of toxins consist of two parts (active enzyme + binding component) which enter the target cell by endocytosis?

Back 17

A-B toxins

Front 18

Which of the following is not a first line of defense of innate immunity?

Back 18

Phagocytes

Front 19

What causes dialation in blood vessels, causing the characteristic signs of inflammation, recruits neutrophils and macrophages, and is cause of seasonal allergies?

Back 19

Histamine

Front 20

What type of cytokines are released by lymphocytes in response to pathogens (primarily viruses) hindering the replication of the pathogen inside the host cell, as well as activating NK cells and macrophages?

Back 20

Chemokines

Front 21

Draw and label the main components of an antibody

Back 21

LATER!!!!!!

Front 22

B cells differentiate into what kind of antibody secreting cell?

Back 22

Plasma cells

Front 23

1) immunity involves the maturation of B cells in the bone marrow and the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells, while the 2) immunity involves the activation and differentiation of T cells in the thymus

Back 23

1) Humoral immunity
2) Cellular immunity

Front 24

The region that is distinct from one antibody to the next and is involved in the binding of antigen is called the:

Back 24

Variable Region

Front 25

What is the term given to any substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells?

Back 25

Antigen

Front 26

Which immunoglobulin is secreted first in reaction to a primary response infection?

Back 26

IgM

Front 27

Which immunoglobulin is able to cross the placenta and protects the fetus and infant prior to immune system maturation?

Back 27

IgG

Front 28

In what place of the body are T lymphocytes (T-cells) produced?

Back 28

Thymus

Front 29

1) receptors on TH cells recognize antigen bound to MHC II, while 2) receptors on TC Cells recognize antigen on MHC I

Back 29

1) TCRs
2) CLTs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

Front 30

What type of immunity is transmitted from mother to child prior to birth?

Back 30

Naturally aquired passive immunity

Front 31

Who was credited with inventing the first live attenuated vaccine by inoculation of cowpox virus into skin?

Back 31

Edward Jenner

Front 32

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Back 32

Penicillin

Front 33

All of the following are mechanisms of antibiotic resistance by bacteria except:

Back 33

Incorporation of the drug into bacterial metabolism pathway

Front 34

Which of the following antimicrobials interferes with the attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex?

Back 34

Tetracycline

Front 35

Antiviral drugs to all of the following except:

Back 35

block synthesis of the virus cell wall

Front 36

List 3 methods that misuse of an antibiotic can increase the chances of a bacteria becoming resistant to the antibiotic.

Back 36

1) Using outdated or weakened antibiotics
2) Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions
3) Using antibiotics in animal feed
4) Failing complete the prescribed regimen
5) Using someone else's leftover prescription