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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which country uses top down profiling? |
Originally developed by Douglas, and currently used by the FBI in America. |
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Summarise top down profiling |
Looking at the bigger picture at the scene of a crime and trying to find details which match the original hypothesis. Using typologies, the FBI distinguishes between different types of offenders- either organised or disorganised, and looks at the crime scene to determine the criminals personal characteristics. |
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What are some characteristics of an organised offender? |
Average-high intelligence, planned offences, targeted victim, body hidden, restrains victim, socially competent, skilled employment. |
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What are some characteristics of a disorganised offender? |
Crime committed in a 'moment of passion', lack of control, may leave behind clues e.g. blood, often involving sexual acts before death, body not hidden, no care taken to hide crime, may be sexually or socially incompetent, impulsive, random victims or known to the offender. |
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Outline strengths and weaknesses of top down profiling |
Strengths- easy to distinguish between offenders, profile can be created relatively quickly, originally created using interviews with real offenders Weaknesses- too simplistic with only two distinctions as some criminals may possess mixed characteristics, often characteristics can be both organised and disorganised, all offences must have an organised element to them (as offenders hadn't been caught after 3 killings- Canter) |
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Which country uses bottom up profiling? |
Used in Britain, and developed by David Canter. |
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Summarise bottom up profiling |
Trying to make associations between an offenders personal characteristics in their normal life and their offences, looking for consistencies in their behaviour and focusing on the environment of the crime scene (such as geographical data of where the crime took place). No initial assumptions are made about the offender until the statistical analysis has been done on the key details of the case. |
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What is smallest-space analysis? |
A statistical analysis that looks at similarities in the likelihood of characteristics being present (correlational, co-occurrence). The closer the characteristics are to each other, the more they co-occurred. |
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What is geographical mapping? |
Crimes are analysed geographically, now developed into circle theory (most serial killers commit crimes within a circle, with the diameter created by the 2 furthest apart crimes) |
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Outline strengths of bottom up profiling |
Less subjective than top down methods as the profile relies on statistical analysis, dragnet computer program used to perform profiling, each offender is looked at individually and so it is both a cognitive and social explanation (looks at social interactions of offender, environment and victim, not just based on the clues at the scene), Canter correctly used the bottom up approach to solve the case of the railway rapist- John Duffy. |
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Outline weaknesses of bottom up profiling |
Can be very time-consuming as it involves the inputting of information into a database, more objective and reliable than top down procedures as they are always based on data analysis. |
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What is 'modus operandi'? |
The criminals way of working, the method used by a criminal while committing a crime, which is often distinctive to that criminal. It is sometimes associated with a 'signature' of an offender. |
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What is Canter's '5 factor theory'? |
The following 5 variables were found to be central to sexual offences: - vaginal intercourse -no reaction to the victim -impersonal language -surprise attack -victims clothing disturbed |
