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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the Somato-somatic reflex
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1. afferent axon to somatic structure and then efferent motor to somatic structure
- may use at least 1 inter neuron ex. touch a hot object, cat righting reflex |
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Describe visceral-visceral reflex
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sensory from viscera to cord, efferent motor to viscera (via ANS- Para/Symp)
ex. distended bowel reflexing back to cause spasm in muscular layer of bowel |
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Describe viscero-somatic/somato-visceral refelex
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Used palpatory diagnosis and treatment... the sensory information rsults in excitatory or inhibitory actions into motoneurons
Afferent sensory axon from viscera or somatic, efferent motor terminates on somatic or visceral strucutre, uses interneurons - specific pain... appendix, chest pain |
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Explain how myocardial infarction is part of viscero-somatic/somato-reflex...
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Artery clots--
sensory to cord- motor output to shoulder/neck/arm/sympathetic (sweat glads & adrenal gland) |
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What type of osteopathic findings help with viscero-somatic/somato-visceral reflex? Treatment results?
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TART changes
-despite ongoing treatments Treatments- better control of problems from reflexes to maintain homeostasis "not a cure" (i.e. decrease vasoconstriction, more fluid in lymph) |
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What are clinical application process of the chapman reflexes (5 steps)?
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1. locate point by anatomy over points of where organs lie (anterior diagnose/ posterior to treat)
2. Verify by palpating 3. GENTLY rotate tip of finger 4. treat posterior points 10-30 seconds 5. Continue until tissue changed |
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Discuss fibrous joints in respect to:
a. types b. motion c. examples of each type |
Are synarthrosis "come together" connected by dense fibrous tissue
a. squamous- overlapping edges... serrated- interlocking b. limited to expansion and contraction c. examples of types i. cranial articulations, ii.syndesmosis- distal tibofibular articulation iii. gomphosis- peridontal ligament anchoring tooth |
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Discuss cartilaginous joints in respect to:
a. types b. motion c. examples of each type |
two continual surfaces united by fibrocartilaginous disks, no cavity
a. Types Type I- fibrocartilage Type II- hyaline b. motion- rocking and sliding- c. examples of types Type I- (symphyses)center of pads or disc, (i.e. nucleous pulposus), the jelly that keeps weight evenly distributed Type II- (synchondroses)- epiphyseal plate, slight bending early in life |
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Name the three distinguishing features of synovial joint
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1. articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage
2. enclosed by fibrous joint capsule, strengthened by ligament and attached to margins of articular cartilage 3. synovial membrane lines joint capsule secreting fluid that is vital to hyaline cartilage |
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What are the 7 types of synovial joints
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1. Plane
2. Ginglymus- hinge 3. Spheroidal- a. ball and socket b. ellipsoid c. condylar 6. Trochoid 7. Sellar |
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Explain Plane joints... movement, example
Explain ginglymus joints...movement, example |
plane- Two flat surfaces, minimal sliding motion (ex. triquetreum-pisiform)
ginglymus- hinge- large motion in one plane... ex. elbow |
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Explain spheroidal joints... movement, example
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three types:
a. ball and socket- round convex head articulates with concave, greatest degree of motion- hip, shoulder b. condylar- patial flattening of both surfaces that limits motion-ex. metacarpal- phalangeal c. ellipsoid- head is football shaped, ex. radiocarpal c. ellipsoid |
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Explain trocoid joints... movement, example
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trochoid- has ball shape surrounded by circle composed bone and ligament
- mostly rotation ex. C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) |
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Explain sellar joints... movement, example
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one concave and on convex bone
greater motion for all planes ex. thumb |
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What other features are distinguishing factors that may be associated with synovial joints
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a. articular discs (meniscus)
b. firbrocartilaginous (labrum) c. tendons within the capsule of the joint |
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Describe the innervation and vascular concept of the joints...
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Joints are rich in nerve supply
- more peripheral more nerves - innervation of joint also includes innervation of muscle moving joint and skin covering muscle - allows for proprioception |
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What are three basic forms of joint degeneration...
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known as Arthritis...
1. Inflammatory- most commonly Rhematoid Arthritis- joint swelling due to inflammatory response by immune system after fluid attacking fibrocartalage 2. Osteoarthritis- no swelling due to wearing down 3. Tramatic- blood supply to bone cut off |
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What are some facts about osteoarthritis and explain the three types.
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- most common type of arthritis, no swelling, cartilage starts to erode and bone grinds together
1. Fibrillation- water content increased on chondrocytes, to yellow discolouration and ground-glass appearance 2. Eburnation- articular cartilage chunks off, cyst forms, ivory- like appearance 3. Joint mice (osteochondromatosis)- bone/cart free floating in synovial fluid, degenerative joint disease "osteochondrosis dissecans"- stops movement |
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What are some facts about RA (inflammatory arthritis) and explain radiographic findings...
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- most common type of inflammatory
- mostly women fluid in joint becomes inflamed and causes chemical released that damage cartilage and bone X-ray - erosions at intrascapular articular margins from chemical reaction - uniform joint space narrowing |
