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23 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

What RESOLUTION can be achieved with a light, transmission electron and a scanning electron microscope?

Light - 200nm
TEM - 0.1nm
SEM - 0.1nm
What MAGNIFICATION can be achieved with a light, transmission electron and a scanning electron microscope?
Light - x1500
TEM - x500,000
SEM - x100,000
What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
Magnification - the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the image itself

Resolution - the degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together
Why do samples need to be stained in light and electron microscopy?
Most biological structures are transparent, the stain gives a contrast between structures by combining with certain chemicals in the structure
What is the equation for 'image size?'
Image Size = Actual size x Magnification
Name the features of eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough/ Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes
Mitchondria
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
Plasma (cell surface) membrane
Centrioles
Flagella and cilia
What is the function of the nucleus?
Houses all of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA, which contains the instructions for protein synthesis.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes riobosomes and RNA which pass into the cytoplasm and are used in protein synthesis
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane with nuclear pores
What is the function of the Rough ER?
Transports proteins made by the attached ribosomes
What is the function of the Smooth ER?
Involved in making lipids
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies proteins received from the Rough ER and then packages them into vesicles so they can be transported
What is the function of Ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
What is the function of Mitochondria?
Where ATP is produced during respiration
What is the function of Lysosomes?
Contains digestive enzymes that are used to break down material
What is the function of Chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
What is the function of the Plasma (cell surface) Membrane?
Controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell
What is the function of the Centrioles?
Form the spindle which moves chromosomes during cell division
What is the function of the Flagella and Cilia?
Move by ATP, for example they waft mucus along the trachea or give sperm the ability to swim
Describe the interrelationship between the organelles involved in the production and secretion of proteins
Proteins are created via a process called protei
n synthesis. This beings in the nucleus and
then moves to the Golgi appa
ratus where it is modified an
d packaged. This
means that
certain chemical groups may be added to it. This
protein can then be expelled if needed via
a process called exocytosis or can be used within the cell
Why is the cytoskeleton important?
It provides mechanical strength to cells, aids transport within cells and enables cell movement
What are the features of prokaryotic cells?
One membrane
No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan not cellulose
Smaller ribosomes
Circular DNA
Some flagella
Name the differences between animal and plant cells
Plant cells - cell wall (made of cellulose)
fluid pressure inside cell keeps wall rigid
contains a vacuole
keeps cell turgid, increases pressure inside