Oceans Test 2

Front 1

What is a critical point

Back 1

the point were there is not distiction between gas and liquid on a tempeture pressure graph

Front 2

What is a triple point

Back 2

the pressue/ temp point were an element can be liquid solid or gas

Front 3

What are the terms for changing between solid and a liquid

Back 3

freezing / melting

Front 4

what are the terms for changing between liquid and gas

Back 4

vaporization / condensation

Front 5

what are the terms for changing between a solid and a gas

Back 5

sublimation / depostition

Front 6

What is unique abut waters pressure temp graph. what real world application does this have

Back 6

the melting freezing line goes backward meaning ice can melt with just pressure application = good for winter sports

Front 7

describe waters bonding, compare to methane and ammonia

Back 7

water is polar and can form 2 hydrogen bonds. methanes props very different because it cannot form any hydrogen bonds. ammonia can form 1 bond so it is slightly different

Front 8

What happens as water freezes, what does that mean

Back 8

it becomes less dense so it can float as a solid

Front 9

at what temp is water at its densest

Back 9

at +4 degrees c

Front 10

what is the hydrological cycle

Back 10

evaporation/transpiration --> percipitatio --> runoff --> restart

Front 11

what is the ideal gas law

Back 11

PV = nRT
P-pressure
V-volume
n-moles
T- temp in K
R - constant

Front 12

what is relative humidity

Back 12

water vapor/ highest possible water holding capacity

Front 13

What is carbon buffering

Back 13

CO2 gets hydrated (surrounded by water) carbonic acid is formed. carbonic acid helps regulate the pH of sea water

Front 14

what is the salinity of the ocean

Back 14

8.1

Front 15

describe the O2 and CO2 variations by depth

Back 15

Surface O2 high CO2 low b/c of photosynthesis

Below Phototic zone O2 low CO2 high because of decomposation

Deep ocean O2 high because fed by polar CO2 increases but is kept in check by carbonic acids

Front 16

How does the atmospheric pressure change with altitude

Back 16

pressure decreases exponetially 50% of air below 5km

Front 17

What is hydrostatic Equlilibrum

Back 17

compression due to gravity balanced by pressure gradient forces

Front 18

What measures change in pressure

Back 18

hydrostatic equation

Front 19

What are the atmopsheric layers and what are their temp changes bottom to top

Back 19

troposphere = down
tropopause
stratosphere = UP
mesopshere = down
thermosphere = up

Front 20

How does the temperture profile change by season or latitude

Back 20

indirect sun weaker and must pass through more air. whole atmostphere warms and cold with season and by latitude

Front 21

What is the abiabatic process

Back 21

process with no exchange of heat of a volume of gas with surroundings

Front 22

what is lapse rate

Back 22

rat of temperature changes in atmosphere

temp down lapse rate up

Front 23

What are abiabatic process and lapse rate trying to tell us

Back 23

as air rises it loses energy and drops in temp because it expands

Front 24

What is pressure gradient and how does it work horizontially and vertically

Back 24

difference in pressure from one place to another

vertical changes are exponential
horizontal are very little

Front 25

What are sea and land breezes

Back 25

water retains heat much better than land. when the sun rises the air heats and expands, the cool ocean water takes its place. at night the process is reversed

Front 26

Describe the coriolis effect

Back 26

it is a psuedo force because it works only with the earth as a frame of reference and if the water or air is moving. it causes apparent acceleration

Front 27

what is vorticity and where is it most and least felt

Back 27

total rotation assosciated with water or air parcel. least felt at the equator and most felt at temperate latitudes

Front 28

what is pressure gradient wind
what is geostrophic wind
what is geostrophic balance

Back 28

pressure gradient parellel to isobars
Pressure Gradient Wind + coriolis effect
Pressure Gradient Force + Wind + coriolis force + friction = 0

Front 29

What is the tricellular model

Back 29

model of motion winds
cell closes to equator = hadley
mid latitude cells = ferrel very turbulent
top = polar low turbulence

Front 30

Highly unstable atmostpheric conditions occur (in relation to lapse rate and adiabatic)

Back 30

when lapse rate exceeds the adiabatic

Front 31

the atmopshere is always unstable if (temp)

Back 31

temperture drops faster than 10c/km

Front 32

clouds cannot form if the is

Back 32

less than 50% relative humidity

Front 33

during a clear day as the sun sets the ground level humidity will

Back 33

increase

Front 34

heat released as water condense to make a cloud what

Back 34

heats surrounding air and decreases lapse rate

Front 35

as long as water vapor continues to condense the humidity

Back 35

the humidity will stay the same

Front 36

what happens when the temp reaches its dew point

Back 36

clouds form water condenses dew appears

Front 37

what will happen to a cloudless air parcel with a temp of 0 as it sinces 3000 meters (assume a 10c/km lapse rate)

Back 37

30 degree heating

Front 38

global wiinds circulation primary effect is to

Back 38

more surplus solar insolation from equator to poles

Front 39

as altitude decreases frictional force tends to

Back 39

increase

Front 40

what is the catalyst for condensation of a water droplet in supersaturated air

Back 40

dust clay, some type of particle

Front 41

horizontal pressure gradient of 100 millibars per km would be

Back 41

crazy high

Front 42

land breeze results

Back 42

pressure of a given height of land lower than adjacent ocean

Front 43

why is coriolis pseudo force

Back 43

it relies on motion real forces dont need motion

Front 44

what is the direction of pressure gradient in southern hemisphere

Back 44

left

Front 45

hadley cells

Back 45

are located at equitorial and arctic regions and are a componant of the meridional cirulation

Front 46

winds cirulating around closed paths in north america polar front are

Back 46

gradient winds

Front 47

tricellular circ model accounts for

Back 47

locations of deserts
location of jet streams in zonal flows
cross isobar winds near equator

Front 48

a pressure gradient is defined as

Back 48

a pressure change divided b the distance

Front 49

low latitude winds blow from ... to ... high atmostphere winds flow from ... to ...

Back 49

east to west, west to east

Front 50

what is a frontal zone

Back 50

a region of high baroclinicity

Front 51

name a macro scale wind

Back 51

trade, westerlies, jet streams

Front 52

a zonal wind can be described as

Back 52

high altitude west to east winds

Front 53

what wind system has the smalles spatial extant

Back 53

tornadoes

Front 54

what forces primarily determine wind speed

Back 54

pressure and frictional

Front 55

troughs in the jet stream creat what weather pattern

Back 55

low pressure, cyclone, bad weather

Front 56

a ridge in the jet stream creates what weather pattern

Back 56

high pressure, anti cyclone, good weather

Front 57

vertical winds at the equator and latitides +60 are both what in tricellular model (temp and ac/decending

Back 57

wet and acending

Front 58

what do equitorial winds and +60 have in common

Back 58

wet climates

Front 59

what is geostrophic balance

Back 59

pressure gradient force + coriolis

Front 60

to have geostrpohic balace winds need a lower velocity for

Back 60

increasing coriolis and increasing latitude

Front 61

the most similar wind speeds are found between

Back 61

trade and westerly winds

Front 62

the geostrophic wind direction is ... to linear isobars

Back 62

parellel

Front 63

surface global winds in mid latittudes are called ... while in the low latitudes the global surface winds are called ...

Back 63

westerlies , trade winds

Front 64

which wind system is not global in scale

Back 64

mid latitude cyclones

Front 65

What forces generally prevents winds from reaching very high values

Back 65

friction

Front 66

what change causes a geostrophic wind to flow across isobars near the surface of the earht more than at uper levels

Back 66

increase frictional force

Front 67

motions of the atmosphere and ocean are determined largely by

Back 67

rotation of the earth, heat transfer toward the poles, location of the continets

Front 68

evaporation of clouds requires

Back 68

absorbstion of heat from the atmosphere and a phase change

Front 69

global weather is driven primarily by what imbalance

Back 69

movement of excess heat away from the equator toward the poles

Front 70

land breeze and sea breeze are caused by what force

Back 70

pressure gradient force

Front 71

the coriolis effect exist whenever

Back 71

an air parcel moves across a rotating planet

Front 72

the jet stream winds result primarily from

Back 72

coriolis and pressure gradient forces

Front 73

the wind about a low pressure center is called

Back 73

the gradient wind

Front 74

what have the largest spatial extent

Back 74

westerlies

Front 75

vertical winds at the poles and latitudes near +- 20 are both

Back 75

dry and decending

Front 76

the greatest difference in wind speeds is generally found between

Back 76

vertical and zonal winds

Front 77

vorticity can accounf for

Back 77

north south undulations in teh jet stream

Front 78

true false
upper level winds tend to guide surface mid latitude cyclones

Back 78

truee

Front 79

the polar front theory describes

Back 79

life cycle of cyclones in temperate latitudes

Front 80

the region of concontrated baroclinicity is

Back 80

a density gradient across the boundry of two air masses

Front 81

the process that creates or strenghtens a cyclone

Back 81

cyclogenisis

Front 82

in the intertropical convergence zone winds blow ... (direction) the equator causing ... (process)

Back 82

toward ... convergence

Front 83

True or false

a cold front usually is more sever weather process than a warm front

Back 83

true

Front 84

true false
a cold front typically moves faster

Back 84

true

Front 85

typicaly the boundry between a cold and warm fron is wedged in hich direction

Back 85

cold wedges under the warm

Front 86

ofton a cold front will be marked by what type of cloud

Back 86

cumulo-nimbus

Front 87

define warm sector

Back 87

pie shaped area between a warm and cold front

Front 88

define occuled front

Back 88

cold front has lifted warm front off the ground as the dissipation process for a mid lat cyclone

Front 89

what kind of surface features often initiate a wave cyclone

Back 89

mountain or talll building

Front 90

if a mature wave cyclone passes to your immediate south what kind of weather should you expect

Back 90

moderate to light rain no thunder

Front 91

at the 500 milibar lecel air flows ... due to surface divergenae at a surface anti cyclone

Back 91

down from the jetstream

Front 92

a typical wave cyclone is the most powerful process in the atmosphere

Back 92

true

Front 93

sublimation is

Back 93

the process of going directly from solid to gas

Front 94

skating on ice is easy because

Back 94

pressure alone can melt ice

Front 95

daltons law of partial pressures applies to the atmpshere says

Back 95

total atmopsheric pressure is the sum of all gases present

Front 96

the saturation vapor pressure for h2o is defined as

Back 96

max h20 vapor pressure before condenstation can occur at a given temperature

Front 97

supersaturation occurs when

Back 97

relative humidity exceeds 100%