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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How was the atmosphere different than we know it today?
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High concentrations of methane, ammonia, nitrogen and carbon dioxide which formed organic compounds that gave rise to life.
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Life FIRST evolved through a process known as...?
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Biosynthesis
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The genesis of life from inorganic materials.
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Biosynthesis
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The FIRST animal like organisms were...? How did they adapt?
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Single Celled. Adapted by absorbing organic molecules that formed in the oceans.
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What would have happend without the evolution of Photosynthesis?
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Life would have likely died out when the supply of usable energy rich molecules was exhausted.
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How do simple AUTOTROPHS assemble their own food?
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They assemble their own food from inorganic molecules using sunlight.
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What provided the way for the evolution of animals?
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The success and proliferation of autotrophs and the abundance of oxygen they provided. (THE OXYGEN REVOLUTION)
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The first organized life forms that arose
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The Sponges
(Phylum: Porifera) |
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The most primitive form of multi-cellular animal life.
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Porifera
(Sponges) |
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A hollow tube with many pores or openings.
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Porifera
(Sponges) |
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Means they are associated with the seafloor.
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Benthic
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Means they do not move once they begin to grow.
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Sessile
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Means they obtain their food from particles in the water column.
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Suspension-Feeders
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Make their skeleton out of both organic fibers and inorganic spicules
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Porifera
(Sponges) |
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Has a very low level reaction to the world around it and does not have a brain.
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Porifera
(Sponges) |
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Reproduce by budding and also sexually by releasing gametes into the water column.
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Porifera
(Sponges) |
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Have either radial symmetry or asymmetrical symmetry.
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Porifera
(Sponges) |
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Filter water for food and oxygen. Have no nervous or digestive system. Had specialized cells for structural support, collecting food and for moving water.
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Porifera
(sponges) |
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First to MOVE, and by doing such, could actively capture prey or to excape predators.
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Cnidaria
(jellyfish, anemones, coral) |
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Cells specialized for repelling attacks or entagling prey. Deployed on tentacles that bend or retract towards the mouth. These are usually acompanied by a toxin to immobilize victims
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Cnidoblasts
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Have a primitive netowrk of nerves that respond to stimuli.
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Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria) |
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Most are sessile but some can sense a nearby predator and detach from the bottom and swim away to safety.
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Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria) |
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They can respond to prey that touches a tentacle, and then capture it.
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Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria) |
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They have a blind digestive system (it only has one opening). Any indigestible material is eliminated through the mouth.
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Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria) |
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The first truly PELAGIC or free swimming life form.
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The Jellyfish
(Cnidaria) |
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Developed a pulsing movement to help concentrate food items near sticky tentacles.
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The Jellyfish
(Cnidaria) |
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Have radial symmetry and some are extremely toxic and can kill a human in under five minutes.
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The Jellyfish
(Cnidaria) |
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Colonial polyps, which create reefs by secreating hard skeletons of calcium carbonate.
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The Corals
(Cnidaria) |
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They are sessile but evolved a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dioflagellates.
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The Corals
(Cnidaria) |
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Reproduce sexually, by releasing gametes into the water column.
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The Corals
(Cnidaria) |
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Some feed at night. At dawn, the polyps retract into their skeltal cups to avoid strong sunlight and predators.
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The Corals
(Cnidaria) |
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Can actively MOVE both in response to predators and to prey items.
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Cnidarians
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Demonstrate a PRIMITIVE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and exhibit some NEURAL RESPONSE to stimuli although there is no concentration of nerves.
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Cnidarians
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Evolved SPECIALIZED TISSUES capable of delivering toxins to predators or prey.And reproduce SEXUALLY.
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Cnidarians
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The first true "HUNTERS" of the animal kingdom.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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BILATERAL SYMMETRY and have a well defined head and tail region.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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Simple CENTRALIZED NERVOUS SYSTEM containing a brain and nerve cords.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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Have EYESPOTS, which are light sensitive and connected to the brain.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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Possess THREE tissue layers. The middle tissue layer gives rise to true organs, including digestive and reproductive organs.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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Most are PREDATORS or SCAVENGERS and can be found under rocks or sharing burrows with other animals.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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First organized multi-cellular animal. Non-moving, filtered water for food and oxygen, and had no specialized tissues.
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Porifera
(sponges) |
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First organisms to move and develop specialized tissues. Have a primitive gut and reproduce sexually.
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Cnidaria
(anemones, jellyfish, and corals) |
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Developed a primitive central nervous system, a well defined head and tail region, developed eyespots, and also had evolved a third tissue layer.
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Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm) |
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They have a TRUE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM complete with pharynx, intestines and other structures.
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Annelida
(polychaetes and earthworms) |
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They have a CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM with capillaries, arteries and veins.
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Annelida
(polychaetes and earthworms) |
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The entire body is SEGMENTED which allowed different regions of the body become specialized for different tasks.
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Annelida
(polychaetes and earthworms) |
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Have well developed heads with prominent sense organs and they can function as efficient predators.
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Annelida
(polychaetes) |
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Each segmenthas setae (or hairs)designed to aid in movement
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Annelida
(polychaetes) |
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Tube dwelling ones have feather duster tops that exchage gasses and remove food from the water column.
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Annelida
(polychaetes) |
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Most diverse of all the phyla in the animal kingdom. Well developed central nervous system and sensory organs.
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Arthropoda
(crabs, lobsters, shrimp) |
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Bodies are SEGMENTED and covered in a hard armor like exoskeleton.Their MUSCLES attach to the inside of the EXOSKELETON.
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Arthropoda
(crabs, lobsters, shrimp) |
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They must "MOLT" to grow or shed their exoskeleton so a lager one can be created.
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Arthropoda
(Crabs, lobstes, shrimp) |
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First to invade land and the first to fly.
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Arthropoda
(crabs, lobsters, shrimp) |
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Arthropodas success is directly related to what 4 advancements?
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-EXOSKELETON made of chitin which was strong, lightweight and form fitted.
-STRIATED MUSCLE:a quick, strong and light muscle that made rapid movement and flight possible -ARTICULATED:meaning they had the ability to bend appendages at certain points. -Each appendage developed into "SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT" such as antennae, claws, wings, shields and mouth parts. |
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Strong muscular "FOOT" used for movement and grasping.
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Mollusca
(clams, octopus, nautilus) |
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Very advanced digestive system. They have gills, a mouth and an anus.
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Mollusca
(clams, octopus, nautilus) |
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Adult forms have 5 point radial symmetry.
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Echinodermata
(sea stars, brittle stars and urchins) |
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They feed and respire witha unique WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM ending in what are called TUBE FEET.
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Echinodermata
(sea stars, brittle stars and urchins) |
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Water is pumped in hydraulically, and muscles direct water flow to tube feet to apply pressue to prey.
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Echinodermata
(sea stars, brittle stars and urchins) |
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They move very slowly but are powerful enough to pry open mussels, clams or other prey. Bodies are constructed of tough, CALCIUM BASED PLATES covered by a this skin.
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Echinodermata
(sea stars, britle stars and urchins) |
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They have BILATERAL SYMMETRY, SEGMENTED BODY, THREE TISSUE LAYERS, well developed body cavity, single, dorsal hollow NERVE CORD, usually with a WELL DEVELOPED BRAIN. Tail projecting beyond the anus at some stage of developement. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.ENDOSKELETON.
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Chordates
(Lancelets, Tunicates, Vertebrates) |
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Vertebrates fall into two main groups?
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Fishes and tetrapods
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Evolved from a unique group of fish that had INTERNAL FIN BONES. These later evolved to support weight.
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Tetrapods
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What was the early atmosphere composed of?
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Hight concentrations of methane, ammonia,nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
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Where are oil and natural gas ofter found together?
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Beneath a dome of impermeable caprock or adjacent to intruding domes of salt.
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Where are oil and natural gas found in the rock?
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Within the pore spaces of the rock.
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What drives the oil to the drill pipe?
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The pressure of natural gas and compression by the weight of overlying strata drive oil through the porous rock and toward the drill pipe.
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What burns after igntion at normal surface pressure?
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Methane hydrate
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Concentric sand-sized concretions of mineral matter, usually calcium carbonate.
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Oolites
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Operators can segregate the various salts from one another by shifting the residual brine from pod to pod at just the right time during the evaporation process.
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Salt evaporation ponds.
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What are the top five fish harvesting nations?
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-China
-Peru -United States -Chile -Indonesia |
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What are the top four fishing areas?
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-Northwest Pacific
-Southeast Pacific -Western Central Pacific -Northeast Atlantic |
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After sonar on the trawler finds the fish, how do they capture them?
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Trawl Net
(stern trawler fishing) |
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What is the difference between the LIVING SPACE in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: 3D
Land: 2D |
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What is the difference between the TEMPERATURE in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: temperatures relatively stable and cover a relatively narrow range.
Land: Great veriation in temperatures. |
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What is the difference between the SALTS in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: High salt concentration
Land: minimal, primarily a fresh water system. |
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What does the oceans high salt concentration affect?
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-Buoyancy
-Osmotic Pressure -Nutrient Levels |
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What is the difference between OXYGEN in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: Limited. Exists in a dissolved form.
Land: High levels and exists as a gas, uniform over the globe. |
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What does the oceans oxygen levels affect?
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-Temperature
-Salinity -Pressure |
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What is the difference between WEIGHT in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: Sleight. Buoyancy removes some or all of the need for supporting framework.
Land: Massive. Animals and trees need strong structural support. |
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What is the difference between CARBON DIOXIDE in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: Significant. Carbon dioxide is hightly soluble in water because it changes its chemical form going to bicarbonate and carbonate which ultimately forms shell material.
Land: Carbon Dioxide exists as a minor componet. |
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What is the difference in the SIZE STRUCTURE in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: Microscopic.
Land: Macroscopic |
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What is the differnce in the ORGANIC BASE in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: Protein based economy
Land: Carbohydrate, signifies long term growth. |
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What is the difference in the GROWTH STRATEGY in the ocean and land?
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Ocean: Rapid, small and turnover time of about 2 weeks.
Land: Slow, large long lived. Turnover time about 9 years. |
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Of or part of the continental shelf
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Neritic
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What are the FIVE ZONATIONS?
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-Euphotic
-Mesopelagic -Bathypelagic -Abyssopelagic -Benthic |
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Describing that part of the near-surface ocean in which photosynthesis is possible
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Euphotic
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Although some light penetrates this deep, it is insufficient for photosynthesis.
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Mesopelagic
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deep water; where penetration of sunlight is extremely low. The layer ranges from 800m to 4,000m deep.
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Bathypelagic
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layer of pelagic zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans
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Abyssopelagic
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the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos
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Benthic
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Describe the Nutrients, phytoplankton, and water temperature of the TROPICAL OCEAN?
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Nutrients: Stable
Phytoplankton: Stable Temperture: Stable |
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Describe the nutrients, phytoplankton and water temperture of the NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN?
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Nutrients: High is winter low when it gets warmer.
Phytoplankton: Low in winter. High is summer. Temperature: Low in winter. High in summer. |
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Describe the nutrients, phytoplankton and water temperture of the NORTHER POLAR OCEAN?
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Nutrients: Stable
Phytoplankton: Very low in winter. VERY HIGH in summer. Temperature: Stable |
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There was a rapid radiation of fossils reperesenting other body plans and types.
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Cambrian Explosion
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From a group of__,life arose in the form of __. Once these organisms captured the ability to__ the atmosphere began to change: __ became prevalent. The First step was the organization of __into __(__.)
__and __ came next with the__. The development of a __,__,and__ with the __,__ took another evolutionary step. More advancements came with the development of a complete __ and __, along with __ from the__. The __ developed an __ propelled by __, and used their __ to specialize structures capable of utilizing every habitat imaginable. The __ exhibit great diversification with the development of a __, a __ to obtain food, a __ for protection and __. Some, such as the octopus, even show __ and can control their appearance.Even though the __ may not seem evolutinarily advanced, they demonstrate that there are other ways to be successful. They have a unique __ to power __ which propel them and aid in obtaining food. And lastly, the __ represent the most advanced organisms so far: They have developed an __, __, __ |
-Organic compounds
-Single Celled Organisms -Photosynthesize -Oxygen -single celled organisms -Multi-cellular colonies -(Porifera) -Movement -Specilized tissues -Cnidarians -Primitive nervous system -Head -Tail -Specialization of tissues -Platyhelmenthes -Digestive -Circulatory System -Segmentation -Annelida -Arthropods -Exoskeleton -Striated Muscle -Segmentation -Molluscs -Food -Radula -Shell -Advanced Eyesight -Intelligence -Echinoderms -Water vascular system -Tube feet -Chordates -Endoskeleton -Closed Circulatory System -Bony skull -Large well- developed brain -Complete digestive system -regulate internal temperature |
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Invertebrate animals living on the surface of the seabed.
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Epibenthos
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organisms that live part or all of their lives in Earth's soil-sediment substrates, and that play essential genetic roles in producing the soil and its biomantle.
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Infauna
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A toxic microorganism capable of killing fish and subsequently feeding off their flesh. Usually found in brackish waters
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Pfiesteria
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a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments
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Harmful algal blooms
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the release of the symbiotic colored algae normally living within coral animals, which occurs when coral animals are stressed (by high temperatures, for example) and makes the coral appear whites
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Coral bleaching
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animals suspended or drifting in the water column including larvae of many fish and benthic invertebrates.
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Zooplanktonic
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Areas where hydrocarbons seep slowly from the sea floor, may be associated with specific faunal composition.
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Louisiana hydrocarbon seeps
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a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.
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Thermal Vent Communties
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the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales
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Nekton
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Who are the 3 Primary Producers?
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-Microplankton
-Bacteraia -Macroalgae |
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Who are the Primary consumers?
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-Copepods
-Krill -Protozoans -Benthic Invertebrates (clams and oysters) |
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Who are the Seconday consumers?
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-Baleen Whales
-Carnivorous Zooplankton -Squid -Pelagic Fishes -Demersal Fishes (fish with fins) |
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The Third level consumers?
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-Sperm whale
-Penguins -Birds |
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The FORTH level consumers?
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Seals
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The FIFTH level top carnivore?
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Killer Whales
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What are the cells with no nucleus? What groups fall under it?
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Prokaryotes
(Archaea and Bacteria) |
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Complex many celled organisms and cells with a nucleus? What groups fall under it?
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Eukaryotes
(Fungi, Animalia, plantae, and protista) |
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trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics
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Mangrove
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large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds
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Kelp
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