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115 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How was the atmosphere different than we know it today?
High concentrations of methane, ammonia, nitrogen and carbon dioxide which formed organic compounds that gave rise to life.
Life FIRST evolved through a process known as...?
Biosynthesis
The genesis of life from inorganic materials.
Biosynthesis
The FIRST animal like organisms were...? How did they adapt?
Single Celled. Adapted by absorbing organic molecules that formed in the oceans.
What would have happend without the evolution of Photosynthesis?
Life would have likely died out when the supply of usable energy rich molecules was exhausted.
How do simple AUTOTROPHS assemble their own food?
They assemble their own food from inorganic molecules using sunlight.
What provided the way for the evolution of animals?
The success and proliferation of autotrophs and the abundance of oxygen they provided. (THE OXYGEN REVOLUTION)
The first organized life forms that arose
The Sponges
(Phylum: Porifera)
The most primitive form of multi-cellular animal life.
Porifera
(Sponges)
A hollow tube with many pores or openings.
Porifera
(Sponges)
Means they are associated with the seafloor.
Benthic
Means they do not move once they begin to grow.
Sessile
Means they obtain their food from particles in the water column.
Suspension-Feeders
Make their skeleton out of both organic fibers and inorganic spicules
Porifera
(Sponges)
Has a very low level reaction to the world around it and does not have a brain.
Porifera
(Sponges)
Reproduce by budding and also sexually by releasing gametes into the water column.
Porifera
(Sponges)
Have either radial symmetry or asymmetrical symmetry.
Porifera
(Sponges)
Filter water for food and oxygen. Have no nervous or digestive system. Had specialized cells for structural support, collecting food and for moving water.
Porifera
(sponges)
First to MOVE, and by doing such, could actively capture prey or to excape predators.
Cnidaria
(jellyfish, anemones, coral)
Cells specialized for repelling attacks or entagling prey. Deployed on tentacles that bend or retract towards the mouth. These are usually acompanied by a toxin to immobilize victims
Cnidoblasts
Have a primitive netowrk of nerves that respond to stimuli.
Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria)
Most are sessile but some can sense a nearby predator and detach from the bottom and swim away to safety.
Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria)
They can respond to prey that touches a tentacle, and then capture it.
Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria)
They have a blind digestive system (it only has one opening). Any indigestible material is eliminated through the mouth.
Sea Anemones
(Cnidaria)
The first truly PELAGIC or free swimming life form.
The Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
Developed a pulsing movement to help concentrate food items near sticky tentacles.
The Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
Have radial symmetry and some are extremely toxic and can kill a human in under five minutes.
The Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
Colonial polyps, which create reefs by secreating hard skeletons of calcium carbonate.
The Corals
(Cnidaria)
They are sessile but evolved a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dioflagellates.
The Corals
(Cnidaria)
Reproduce sexually, by releasing gametes into the water column.
The Corals
(Cnidaria)
Some feed at night. At dawn, the polyps retract into their skeltal cups to avoid strong sunlight and predators.
The Corals
(Cnidaria)
Can actively MOVE both in response to predators and to prey items.
Cnidarians
Demonstrate a PRIMITIVE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and exhibit some NEURAL RESPONSE to stimuli although there is no concentration of nerves.
Cnidarians
Evolved SPECIALIZED TISSUES capable of delivering toxins to predators or prey.And reproduce SEXUALLY.
Cnidarians
The first true "HUNTERS" of the animal kingdom.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
BILATERAL SYMMETRY and have a well defined head and tail region.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
Simple CENTRALIZED NERVOUS SYSTEM containing a brain and nerve cords.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
Have EYESPOTS, which are light sensitive and connected to the brain.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
Possess THREE tissue layers. The middle tissue layer gives rise to true organs, including digestive and reproductive organs.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
Most are PREDATORS or SCAVENGERS and can be found under rocks or sharing burrows with other animals.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
First organized multi-cellular animal. Non-moving, filtered water for food and oxygen, and had no specialized tissues.
Porifera
(sponges)
First organisms to move and develop specialized tissues. Have a primitive gut and reproduce sexually.
Cnidaria
(anemones, jellyfish, and corals)
Developed a primitive central nervous system, a well defined head and tail region, developed eyespots, and also had evolved a third tissue layer.
Platyhelmenthes
(the flatworm)
They have a TRUE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM complete with pharynx, intestines and other structures.
Annelida
(polychaetes and earthworms)
They have a CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM with capillaries, arteries and veins.
Annelida
(polychaetes and earthworms)
The entire body is SEGMENTED which allowed different regions of the body become specialized for different tasks.
Annelida
(polychaetes and earthworms)
Have well developed heads with prominent sense organs and they can function as efficient predators.
Annelida
(polychaetes)
Each segmenthas setae (or hairs)designed to aid in movement
Annelida
(polychaetes)
Tube dwelling ones have feather duster tops that exchage gasses and remove food from the water column.
Annelida
(polychaetes)
Most diverse of all the phyla in the animal kingdom. Well developed central nervous system and sensory organs.
Arthropoda
(crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
Bodies are SEGMENTED and covered in a hard armor like exoskeleton.Their MUSCLES attach to the inside of the EXOSKELETON.
Arthropoda
(crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
They must "MOLT" to grow or shed their exoskeleton so a lager one can be created.
Arthropoda
(Crabs, lobstes, shrimp)
First to invade land and the first to fly.
Arthropoda
(crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
Arthropodas success is directly related to what 4 advancements?
-EXOSKELETON made of chitin which was strong, lightweight and form fitted.
-STRIATED MUSCLE:a quick, strong and light muscle that made rapid movement and flight possible
-ARTICULATED:meaning they had the ability to bend appendages at certain points.
-Each appendage developed into "SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT" such as antennae, claws, wings, shields and mouth parts.
Strong muscular "FOOT" used for movement and grasping.
Mollusca
(clams, octopus, nautilus)
Very advanced digestive system. They have gills, a mouth and an anus.
Mollusca
(clams, octopus, nautilus)
Adult forms have 5 point radial symmetry.
Echinodermata
(sea stars, brittle stars and urchins)
They feed and respire witha unique WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM ending in what are called TUBE FEET.
Echinodermata
(sea stars, brittle stars and urchins)
Water is pumped in hydraulically, and muscles direct water flow to tube feet to apply pressue to prey.
Echinodermata
(sea stars, brittle stars and urchins)
They move very slowly but are powerful enough to pry open mussels, clams or other prey. Bodies are constructed of tough, CALCIUM BASED PLATES covered by a this skin.
Echinodermata
(sea stars, britle stars and urchins)
They have BILATERAL SYMMETRY, SEGMENTED BODY, THREE TISSUE LAYERS, well developed body cavity, single, dorsal hollow NERVE CORD, usually with a WELL DEVELOPED BRAIN. Tail projecting beyond the anus at some stage of developement. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.ENDOSKELETON.
Chordates
(Lancelets, Tunicates, Vertebrates)
Vertebrates fall into two main groups?
Fishes and tetrapods
Evolved from a unique group of fish that had INTERNAL FIN BONES. These later evolved to support weight.
Tetrapods
What was the early atmosphere composed of?
Hight concentrations of methane, ammonia,nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Where are oil and natural gas ofter found together?
Beneath a dome of impermeable caprock or adjacent to intruding domes of salt.
Where are oil and natural gas found in the rock?
Within the pore spaces of the rock.
What drives the oil to the drill pipe?
The pressure of natural gas and compression by the weight of overlying strata drive oil through the porous rock and toward the drill pipe.
What burns after igntion at normal surface pressure?
Methane hydrate
Concentric sand-sized concretions of mineral matter, usually calcium carbonate.
Oolites
Operators can segregate the various salts from one another by shifting the residual brine from pod to pod at just the right time during the evaporation process.
Salt evaporation ponds.
What are the top five fish harvesting nations?
-China
-Peru
-United States
-Chile
-Indonesia
What are the top four fishing areas?
-Northwest Pacific
-Southeast Pacific
-Western Central Pacific
-Northeast Atlantic
After sonar on the trawler finds the fish, how do they capture them?
Trawl Net
(stern trawler fishing)
What is the difference between the LIVING SPACE in the ocean and land?
Ocean: 3D
Land: 2D
What is the difference between the TEMPERATURE in the ocean and land?
Ocean: temperatures relatively stable and cover a relatively narrow range.
Land: Great veriation in temperatures.
What is the difference between the SALTS in the ocean and land?
Ocean: High salt concentration
Land: minimal, primarily a fresh water system.
What does the oceans high salt concentration affect?
-Buoyancy
-Osmotic Pressure
-Nutrient Levels
What is the difference between OXYGEN in the ocean and land?
Ocean: Limited. Exists in a dissolved form.
Land: High levels and exists as a gas, uniform over the globe.
What does the oceans oxygen levels affect?
-Temperature
-Salinity
-Pressure
What is the difference between WEIGHT in the ocean and land?
Ocean: Sleight. Buoyancy removes some or all of the need for supporting framework.
Land: Massive. Animals and trees need strong structural support.
What is the difference between CARBON DIOXIDE in the ocean and land?
Ocean: Significant. Carbon dioxide is hightly soluble in water because it changes its chemical form going to bicarbonate and carbonate which ultimately forms shell material.
Land: Carbon Dioxide exists as a minor componet.
What is the difference in the SIZE STRUCTURE in the ocean and land?
Ocean: Microscopic.
Land: Macroscopic
What is the differnce in the ORGANIC BASE in the ocean and land?
Ocean: Protein based economy
Land: Carbohydrate, signifies long term growth.
What is the difference in the GROWTH STRATEGY in the ocean and land?
Ocean: Rapid, small and turnover time of about 2 weeks.
Land: Slow, large long lived. Turnover time about 9 years.
Of or part of the continental shelf
Neritic
What are the FIVE ZONATIONS?
-Euphotic
-Mesopelagic
-Bathypelagic
-Abyssopelagic
-Benthic
Describing that part of the near-surface ocean in which photosynthesis is possible
Euphotic
Although some light penetrates this deep, it is insufficient for photosynthesis.
Mesopelagic
deep water; where penetration of sunlight is extremely low. The layer ranges from 800m to 4,000m deep.
Bathypelagic
layer of pelagic zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans
Abyssopelagic
the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos
Benthic
Describe the Nutrients, phytoplankton, and water temperature of the TROPICAL OCEAN?
Nutrients: Stable
Phytoplankton: Stable
Temperture: Stable
Describe the nutrients, phytoplankton and water temperture of the NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN?
Nutrients: High is winter low when it gets warmer.
Phytoplankton: Low in winter. High is summer.
Temperature: Low in winter. High in summer.
Describe the nutrients, phytoplankton and water temperture of the NORTHER POLAR OCEAN?
Nutrients: Stable
Phytoplankton: Very low in winter. VERY HIGH in summer.
Temperature: Stable
There was a rapid radiation of fossils reperesenting other body plans and types.
Cambrian Explosion
From a group of__,life arose in the form of __. Once these organisms captured the ability to__ the atmosphere began to change: __ became prevalent. The First step was the organization of __into __(__.)
__and __ came next with the__. The development of a __,__,and__ with the __,__ took another evolutionary step. More advancements came with the development of a complete __ and __, along with __ from the__. The __ developed an __ propelled by __, and used their __ to specialize structures capable of utilizing every habitat imaginable. The __ exhibit great diversification with the development of a __, a __ to obtain food, a __ for protection and __. Some, such as the octopus, even show __ and can control their appearance.Even though the __ may not seem evolutinarily advanced, they demonstrate that there are other ways to be successful. They have a unique __ to power __ which propel them and aid in obtaining food. And lastly, the __ represent the most advanced organisms so far: They have developed an __, __, __
-Organic compounds
-Single Celled Organisms
-Photosynthesize
-Oxygen
-single celled organisms
-Multi-cellular colonies
-(Porifera)
-Movement
-Specilized tissues
-Cnidarians
-Primitive nervous system
-Head
-Tail
-Specialization of tissues
-Platyhelmenthes
-Digestive
-Circulatory System
-Segmentation
-Annelida
-Arthropods
-Exoskeleton
-Striated Muscle
-Segmentation
-Molluscs
-Food
-Radula
-Shell
-Advanced Eyesight
-Intelligence
-Echinoderms
-Water vascular system
-Tube feet
-Chordates
-Endoskeleton
-Closed Circulatory System
-Bony skull
-Large well- developed brain
-Complete digestive system
-regulate internal temperature
Invertebrate animals living on the surface of the seabed.
Epibenthos
organisms that live part or all of their lives in Earth's soil-sediment substrates, and that play essential genetic roles in producing the soil and its biomantle.
Infauna
A toxic microorganism capable of killing fish and subsequently feeding off their flesh. Usually found in brackish waters
Pfiesteria
a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments
Harmful algal blooms
the release of the symbiotic colored algae normally living within coral animals, which occurs when coral animals are stressed (by high temperatures, for example) and makes the coral appear whites
Coral bleaching
animals suspended or drifting in the water column including larvae of many fish and benthic invertebrates.
Zooplanktonic
Areas where hydrocarbons seep slowly from the sea floor, may be associated with specific faunal composition.
Louisiana hydrocarbon seeps
a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.
Thermal Vent Communties
the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales
Nekton
Who are the 3 Primary Producers?
-Microplankton
-Bacteraia
-Macroalgae
Who are the Primary consumers?
-Copepods
-Krill
-Protozoans
-Benthic Invertebrates (clams and oysters)
Who are the Seconday consumers?
-Baleen Whales
-Carnivorous Zooplankton
-Squid
-Pelagic Fishes
-Demersal Fishes (fish with fins)
The Third level consumers?
-Sperm whale
-Penguins
-Birds
The FORTH level consumers?
Seals
The FIFTH level top carnivore?
Killer Whales
What are the cells with no nucleus? What groups fall under it?
Prokaryotes
(Archaea and Bacteria)
Complex many celled organisms and cells with a nucleus? What groups fall under it?
Eukaryotes
(Fungi, Animalia, plantae, and protista)
trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics
Mangrove
large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds
Kelp