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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Earth Has an Iron-Nickel Core and a silica-rich crust. This is best explained by?
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Density Stratification
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What is the Diameter of the Earth?
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12,713,540 Meters
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T/F The Star Polaris is used world-wide to determine latitude?
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False
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What is the Time Calculation for Longitude?
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One Hour Equals 15 Degrees Longitude.
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If you are located 22 Degrees East Longitude, Is your time earlier or later than the time at the prime meridian?
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Later Because as you move east, the time is greater.
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You are located at 60 Degrees West Longitude, IT IS 1:00 p.m. AT THE PRIME MERIDIAN. WHAT IS THE Time at Your LOCATION?
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9 A.M. 60 Degrees Equals 4 Hours 1 Hour per 15 Degrees. You are West so you lose time. If you were east it would be 5 PM.
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It is 6 hours later at your location than the Prime Meridian What is your Longitude?
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90 Degrees East Longitude.
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Who Invented the Chronometer?
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John Harrison 1728
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The Prime Meridian is Located in?
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Greenwich England
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What distance are lines of latitude always apart?
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100 KM
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You are doing geological field work in Southern Ontario, Canada. What would be the best projection to use for your base map?
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Planar Projection
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The Apron of Sediment Located between the abyssal plain and the continental slope is the?
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Continental Rise
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True Or False, Cobbles are larger than Pebbles and indicate higher energy environments?
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True
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True or False, Rounding of sediment sand grains becomes more common with an increase in maturity?
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True
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What are the basic elements of Terrigenous Sediments?
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Erosion of Land, Volcanic Eruptions, and Wind Blown Dust
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38% of Sea Bed Covered by this Sediment type Abyssal Clays?
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Terrigenous Type
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This Sediment Type accumulates at 2mm per 1,000 years
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Terrgenous Type
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What are the basic elements of Biogenous Types?
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Organic, accumulation of hard pars of marine organisms.
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White Cliffs of Dover must have formed in the ocean below the calcium carbonate compensation depth, true or false?
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False, Calcium Carbonate below compensation depth, holds more CO2 which dissolves CaCO. Therefore if the dover was formed below the compensation depth, there would not be signs of the Calcium Carbonate Compensation.
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What are the basic elements of Hydrogenous Types?
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Precipitation of dissolved minerals from water, often by bacteria.
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What are the two major kinds of OOZE found at the ocean floor?
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Siliceous and Calcareous
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What are the types of Cosmosgenous sediments?
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Dust from space, meteorite debris
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Manganese Noduals are considered to be what sediment?
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Hydrogenous
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Where is ocean sediment the thickest?
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Over continental Margins
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Where is Ocean sediment the thinnest?
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over active oceanic ridges
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What sediment would you expect to find the most of on the continental shelf of the eastern united states?
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Terrigenous
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What are the common sediments of deep ocean basins?
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Turbidites, Clays, Oozes, Hydrogenous Materials.
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Describe the black smoker
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Found at crustal spreading and rift zones. Where the crust splits, it forces a magma chamber to smoke.
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What is an Evaporite?
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Nonclastic tecure evaporites form as masses of intergrown crystals, not as accumulations of individual crystals.
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The World gets what % of its oil and gas energy from the ocean sediments?
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20%
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What are the Marine Resources Classes?
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Physical Resources
Marine Energy Resources Biological Resources Nonextractive Resources |
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Physical Resources Sand
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Sand Mining, Oolites, carbonate rich oolitic sands are mined.
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Physical Resource Salt
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30% of world's salt supply is extracted from seawater.
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How much seawater does it take to make 1 ton of salt?
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10,000 Gallons
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Marine Resources Manganese Nodules and Phosphorite Deposits
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These are a Hydrogenous Form of Sediment
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Marine Resources Metallic Sulfides and Muds
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Zinc, Iron, Copper, Lead, Silver, Cadmium
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Marine Resources Fresh Water
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Desalination removes salt from the water by Reverse Osmosis.
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Physical Resource Oil and Gas
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20% of Needed oil and gas is located off shore.
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Marine Resources Wind and Current Generated Electricity
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By use of spinners placed in ocean through high wind areas.
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Marine Resources Wave Generated Electricity
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Not very efficient
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Marine Resource Tide Generated Electricity
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Rising and Lower Tide with a turbine generator powered by the lowing and rising of tide.
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Marine Resource Thermal Energy Conversion System
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Warm shallow seawater is pumped through a heat exchanger where pressurized ammonia vapor is added which powers a turbine generator.
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What is the most significant potential source of new energy from the ocean?
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Gas Hydrates
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Marine Resource Biological Resources
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Fish, Mollusks, and Crustaceans
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Why has the world's average per-capita Fish catch declined since 1990?
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Overwhelming population growth
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Fishery Management, What is Maximum Sustainable Yield?
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Maximum amount of any species that can be harvested without affecting future yields.
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Fisher Management, What is Overfished?
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Status assigned to fish stocks that have been harvested so there is not enough breeding stock left for replacement.
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Fisher Management, What is Commercial Extinction?
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Depletion of a species to the point where it is no longer profitable to harvest.
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Fisher Managemnt, What is Bykill?
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Animals unintentionally killed when other species are being harvested.
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Marine Resources Aquaculture
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Growing or farming plants or animals in a water environment under controlled conditions.
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Marine Resources, Mariculture
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Applies specifically to marine environments
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True or False, Blue whales are now extinct?
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False
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Marine Resources Drugs
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10% of marine species may contain useful medical compounds.
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Marine Resources Non Extractive Resources
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Transportation and Recreation
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What is the Law of the Sea?
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International agreement that governs the use of the world ocean.
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True or False, The Terms Aquaculture and Mariculture mean the same thing?
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False
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Nearly All the sands, gravels and muds found on the continental shelf are derived from what sediment source?
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Terrigenous
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Marine Resources, Mariculture
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Applies specifically to marine environments
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Atoms
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smallest particles, they make up elements
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True or False, Blue whales are now extinct?
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False
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Marine Resources Drugs
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10% of marine species may contain useful medical compounds.
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Elements
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substance composed of identical particles that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances
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Marine Resources Non Extractive Resources
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Transportation and Recreation
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Compounds
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substances that contain two or more different elements in fixed proportions
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What is the Law of the Sea?
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International agreement that governs the use of the world ocean.
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True or False, The Terms Aquaculture and Mariculture mean the same thing?
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False
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Nearly All the sands, gravels and muds found on the continental shelf are derived from what sediment source?
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Terrigenous
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Atoms
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smallest particles, they make up elements
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Elements
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substance composed of identical particles that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances
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Compounds
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substances that contain two or more different elements in fixed proportions
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ION
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An Atom which has gained or lost electrons, and has a charge (Valence)
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Octet Rule
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Atoms try to get 8 electrons in their outer shell to be the most stable
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Ionic Bonding
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Oppositely Charged Ions Attract and Transfer Electrons
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Covalent Bonding
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Oppositely charged ions attract and share electrons
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Is Water a Ionic Bond or Covalent Bond?
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Covalent Bond because it shares its oxygen atom with two hydrogen atoms
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Polar Molecules
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Molecules with an unequal charge distribution, like water.
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True or False, Water displays many unique properties because it contains two distinct types of bonds, covalent and hydrogen bonds.
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True
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Water Molecules and Cohesion
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The ability of water molecules to stick to each other creating a surface tension
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Water Molecules and Adhesion
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The tendency of water to stick to other substances
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Heat
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energy is produced by random vibrations of atoms or molecules
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Temperature
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Temperature is an object's response to input or removal of heat.
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Heat Capacity
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Water has a very high heat capacity which means it resists changing temperature when heat is added or removed. Heat capacity of 1.
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True or False, Water Obtains its Maximum Density 1g/cm3 at 3.98 Degrees Celcius
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True
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True or False, The density of water at 0 degrees Celcius varies from .999 to .917 g/cm3?
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True
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How much does water expand as it freezes to ice?
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9%
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The density of water at 0 Degrees Celcius is?
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Varies from .999 to .917 Degrees Celcius
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True or False, The addition of salt to pure water reduces the temperature of Maximum density and the freezing point of the water
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True
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Thermostatic Properties
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those properties of water that act to moderate changes in temperature
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Thermostatic inertia
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The tendency of a substance to resist change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat energy
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Density Structure of the Ocean
Surface Zone |
Upper Layer of the ocean
Contains the least dense water about 2% of total ocean volume |
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Density Structure of the Ocean
Pycnocline |
Density increases with depth
Contains about 18% of all ocean water |
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Density Structure of the Ocean
Deep Zone |
Contains about 80% of all ocean water, little change in density throughout
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Cold, Dense Water Will Be Found In?
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The Deep Zone
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Refraction
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Bending of waves, which occurs when waves travel from one medium to another
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The Refractive Index
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ratio that expresses how much light is refracted from one medium to another
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Light in the Ocean
Scattering |
Light bounces between air and water molecules, dust and other objects
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Light in the Ocean
Absorption |
Light's electromagnetic energy is converted to heat in the molecules of seawater
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Sound in the Ocean
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Velocity of Sound increases as temperature and pressure increase (Faster at warm surface than at cold depth)
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Shadow Zone
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Because sound bends up and down as it hits the water, there is a small window where sound would not pass through. Located approximately 80 m of depth
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True or False, The first color to fade out with increasing water depth is green. That is why the water appears blue
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False
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Discovered that Water could be subdivided into oxygen and hydrogen
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Lavoisier 1783
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Water as a Solution
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Two Components, Uniform molecular properties throughout
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Water as a Solvent
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usually a liquid, the more abundant component
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Water as a Solute
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often a solid or gas, the less abundant component
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Water as a Mixture
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Components retain separate Identities.
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Dissolving Power of Water
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Ions of Salt are held together by Ionic Bonds. The positive and negative ionic bonds in water attract that of salt, causing it to dissolve.
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Salinity
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the total quantity of dissolved inorganic solids in water
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Increasing Salinity Causes:
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Heat capacity of water to decrease
Freezing point to increase Evaporation Slows Osmotic Pressure increases |
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Forchhammers Principle
Also Known As The principle of constant proportions |
Although salinity of various samples of seawater may vary, the ratio of major salts in constant
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The steady state of the ocean
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The ocean is in chemical equilibrium
The proportion and amounts of dissolved solids remain constant Ions are being added to and removed from the ocean at the same rate |
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Where does the Salt Come From?
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Water is stripped of magnesium and sulfate and enriched in calcium and potassium at the rift zones.
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Hydrothermal Vents are also considered to be the sites for?
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Origin of life
Generation of new oceanic crust deepwater chemosynthesis |
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Salinity Formula
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Salinity in parts per thousand = 1.80655 chlorinity in parts per thousand
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True or False, The principle of constant proportions states that although salinity may vary, the ratio of the constituent salts will remain the same.
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True
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A sample of seawater with salinity calculated to be 34.4 ppt. What is the measured chlorinity of the water?
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Divide 34.4 by the 1.80655 to get 19.04 ppt chlorinity.
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Average length of time an element spends in the ocean
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Residence time = Amount of element in the ocean divided by the rate at which the element is added to or removed from the ocean
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Conservative Constituents
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occur in constant proportions
Long residence times Most abundant dissolved material in the ocean |
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Nonconservative constituents
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short residence times
usually associated with seasonal, biological or short geological cycles |
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Dissolved Gases
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Dissolved Gasses are required for life in the ocean
Gas dissolves more readily in cold water than it does in warm water Some dissolved gases are conservative constituents others are non conservative constituents |
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True or False, Dissolution of CO2, in the ocean removes CO2 from the atmosphere thereby preventing any real possibility of global warming.
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False
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