Oceanography Chapter 6

Front 1

A positively charged particle at the center of an atom

Back 1

proton

Front 2

The dark ocean below the depth to which light can penetrate.

Back 2

aphotic zone

Front 3

A high-resolution sound-imaging system used for geological investigations, archeological studies, and the location of sunken ships and airplanes

Back 3

side-scan sonar

Front 4

A substance composed of identical atoms that cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.

Back 4

Element

Front 5

Sound fixing and ranging. An experimental U.S. Navy technique for locating survivors on life rafts, based on the fact that sound from explosive charges dropped into the layer of minimum sound velocity can be heard for great distances

Back 5

SOFAR

Front 6

A substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion

Back 6

compound

Front 7

A form of energy transmitted by rapid pressure changes in an elastic medium

Back 7

sound

Front 8

An energy relationship that holds two atoms together as a result of changes in their electron distribution.

Back 8

chemical bond

Front 9

The zone of the ocean in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth. See also pycnocline

Back 9

thermocline

Front 10

A chemical bond formed between two atoms by electron sharing

Back 10

covalent bond

Front 11

A device that detects the intensity and direction of underwater sounds

Back 11

passive sonar

Front 12

An arbitrary measure of temperature. One degree Celsius (°̊C) = 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (°̊F)

Back 12

Degree

Front 13

The middle zone of the ocean in which density increases rapidly with depth. Temperature falls and salinity rises in this zone

Back 13

pycnocline

Front 14

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (0.035 ounce) of pure water by 1°̊C (1.8°̊F).

Back 14

calorie

Front 15

See surface zone

Back 15

Mixed Layer

Front 16

Conversion of sound or light energy into heat.

Back 16

absorption

Front 17

The dispersion (or "bounce") of sound or light waves when they strike particles suspended in water or air. The amount of scatter depends on the number, size, and composition of the particles

Back 17

scattering

Front 18

A device that generates underwater sound from special transducers and analyzes the returning echoes to gain information of geological, biological, or military importance.

Back 18

active sonar

Front 19

Heat whose gain or loss is detectable by a thermometer or other sensor.

Back 19

sensible heat

Front 20

Attachment of water molecules to other substances by hydrogen bonds. Wetting.

Back 20

adhesion

Front 21

Bending of light or sound waves as they move at an angle other than 90°̊ between media of different optical or acoustical densities. See also wave refraction

Back 21

refraction

Front 22

A tiny negatively charged particle in an atom responsible for chemical bonding

Back 22

electron

Front 23

Heat removed from a liquid during freezing (or added to a solid during thawing) that produces a change in state but not a change in temperature. For pure water, 80 calories per gram at 0°̊C (32°̊F)

Back 23

Latent Heat of Fusion

Front 24

The zone of the ocean below the pycnocline, in which there is little additional change of density with increasing depth. Contains about 80% of the world's water.

Back 24

deep zone

Front 25

A molecule with unbalanced charge. One end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the other end has a slight positive charge

Back 25

polar molecule

Front 26

Attachment of water molecules to each other by hydrogen bonds

Back 26

cohesion

Front 27

The thin film of lighted water at the top of the world ocean. The photic zone rarely extends deeper than 200 meters (660 feet). Compare euphotic zone

Back 27

photic zone

Front 28

The smallest particle of an element that exhibits the characteristics of that element

Back 28

atom

Front 29

Heat added to a liquid during evaporation (or released from a gas during condensation) that produces a change in state but not a change in temperature. For pure water, 585 calories per gram at 20°̊C (68°̊F)

Back 29

Latent Heat of Evaporation

Front 30

A graph showing the relationship between a fluid's temperature or salinity and its density

Back 30

Density Curve

Front 31

Layer of minimum sound velocity in which sound transmission is unusually efficient. Sounds leaving this depth tend to be refracted back into it. The sofar layer usually occurs at mid-latitude depths around 1,200 meters (4,000 feet)

Back 31

sofar channel (layer)

Front 32

The zone of the ocean in which salinity increases rapidly with depth. See also pycnocline

Back 32

Halocline

Front 33

A property of water that acts to moderate changes in temperature.

Back 33

thermostatic property

Front 34

The temperature at which a solid can begin to form as a liquid is cooled.

Back 34

Freezing Point

Front 35

A body of water identifiable by its salinity and temperature (and therefore its density) by its gas content or another indicator.

Back 35

water mass

Front 36

An statement of the internal form of matter. Water exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a fixed volume and fixed shape; a liquid has a fixed volume but no fixed shape; and a gas has neither fixed volume nor fixed shape

Back 36

state

Front 37

Tendency of a substance to resist change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat energy.

Back 37

thermal inertia

Front 38

The upper layer of ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth. Depending on local conditions, the surface zone may reach to 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely. Also called the mixed layer

Back 38

surface zone

Front 39

Electromagnetic radiation propagated as small, nearly massless particles that behave like both a wave and a stream of particles

Back 39

Light

Front 40

A form of energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules.

Back 40

Heat

Front 41

The degree of refraction from one medium to another expressed as a ratio. The higher the ratio (refractive index), the greater the bending of waves between media.

Back 41

refractive index

Front 42

The response of a solid, liquid, or gas to the input or removal of heat energy. A measure of the atomic and molecular vibration in a substance, indicated in degrees

Back 42

temperature

Front 43

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°̊C (1.8°̊F)

Back 43

Heat Capacity

Front 44

Relatively weak bond formed between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen atom of an adjacent molecule.

Back 44

Hydrogen Bond