Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
lithosphere
|
the crust with rock composition
|
|
|
Asthenosphere
|
Right below the lithosphere, and is made up of rock that is weak and flow plastically.
|
|
|
Mesosphere
|
Below the asthenosphere and is the rigid zone of the mantle.
|
|
|
Hydrosphere
|
The part of the Earth that is made up of water (rivers, streams, oceans, lakes, etc.)
|
|
|
Atmosphere
|
The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth, comprimised mostly of oxygen and nitrogen.
|
|
|
Biosphere
|
All organic matter, living or non-living.
|
|
|
Continental Shelves
|
Flat plains with a slope of about 0.5 degrees.
|
|
|
Shelf Break
|
The place where the shelf ends and the slope begins
|
|
|
Abyssal Plains (deep ocean basins)
|
flattest areas on Earth, with slopes of .5 degrees.
|
|
|
Abyssal hills (deep ocean basins)
|
domes that are no higher than 1,000 meters. Composed of volcanic rocks and covered by thin layers of fine-grained sediments.
|
|
|
Seamounts (deep ocean basins)
|
Extinct or active volcanoes, rising more than 1,000 meters about the sea floor.
|
|
|
Guyots (deep ocean basins)
|
Once active volcanoes but have flat tops due to erosion.
|
|
|
Deep-sea trenches (deep ocean basins)
|
The deepest parts of the Ocean, a good example would the Marianna Trench.
|
|
|
Transform Faults
|
Mid-ocean ridges are made up of segments that slide past each other.
|
|
|
Moho
|
The area between the crust and the upper mantle.
|
|
|
Isostacy
|
the mass balance of rocks in the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle.
|
|
|
plate tectonics
|
Pieces of lithosphere comprimised of the rigid crust and rigid part of the upper mantle.
young at mid-ocean ridges, old at ocean margins. 7 major plates: North America, South America, African, Eurasian, Pacific, Australia-Indian, and Antarctica. |
|
|
Normal Faults
|
divergent plate boundaries. results from tension. earthquakes are shallow and weak.
Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
|
|
Reverse Faults
|
convergent plate boundaries. result from compression.
Earthquakes are shallow and intermediate. Ex: Himalayas |
|
|
Transform Faults
|
translational place boundaries (slide past each other) results from sliding
Earthquakes are often strong. Ex: San Andreas Fault |
|
|
Subduction Zones
|
two plates converging, one overriding the other. creates volcanic peaks like the Andes, and crust is being destroyed.
|
|
|
Midocean Ridges
|
Boundaries where two plates move away from each other, and by sea-floor spreading, new lithosphere is formed.
|
|
|
How do plates move?
|
Thermal Convection move molten rock in the asthenosphere, moving the lithosphere along aswell.
|
|
|
Types of sediment?
|
Terrigenous, Biogenic, Authigenic, Volcanogenic, and Cosmogenous.
|
|
|
Terrigenous Sediment
|
fine and course graines produced by weathering and erosion of rock on land.
|
|
|
Biogenic Sediment
|
Fine and course grains derived from hard parts of organisms. (calcium-carbonate and silica)
|
|
|
Authigenic Sediment
|
particles precipitated by chemical or biochemical reactions.
|
|
|
Volcanogenic Sediment
|
sediment from volcanic ejections (ash)
|
|
|
Cosmogenous Sediment
|
grains that originate from outerspace
|
|
|
Bulk Emplacement
|
means by which sediment is transported to the ocean floor as a mass.
|
|
|
Pelagic Sediment
|
biogenic or terrigenous sediment that settles on the ocean floor like snowflakes, due to wind-blown dust.
|
|
|
Slurries
|
mixture of water and sediments that sweep larger boulders downslope.
|
|
|
How does sediment get transported?
|
Turbidity currents, bulk emplacement, pelagic sediment.
|
|
|
turbidity currents
|
bottom currents that, under gravity, move sediment slurries rapidly downslope.
|
|
|
turbidites
|
beds of sediments laid down by the transportation of turbidity currents.
|
|
|
Two types of biogenic deposits?
|
Calcareous and siliceous oozes.
|
|
|
Calcareous
|
made up the tiny hard parts of zooplankton:
foraminifera, pteropods, and phytoplankton. |
|
|
Siliceous
|
consists of remains of diatoms, and radiolaria.
|
|
|
Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD)
|
Tends to lie between 4 and 5 kilometers below sea surface.
carbonate oozes tend to lie above CCD while silica oozes are most abundant below CCD. |
|
|
Salt Domes
|
When an ocean dries up, it leaves salt behind. Over time, sediments builds on top of it. When the ocean fills again, the salt creates a mount and tried to push up to the surface, creating a salt dome. These salt domes also bring up oil that was underneath the sediment.
|
|
|
What happens to water molecules above 4-degrees Celsius?
|
The water molecules are closer together.
|
|
|
What about when it's colder than four-degrees?
|
THe water molecules tend to push each other apart. This leaves air between molecules, making ice less dense in solid state than in liquid state, lots of H-bonds.
|
|
|
Density levels?
|
The maximum density level for water is 4-degrees Celsius.
|
|
|
Latent heat
|
The heat that it takes to change water from one state to another. From ice to liquid to vapor.
|
|
|
Ions in oceans?
|
Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, and Potassium.
|
|
|
Salinity is measured by...
|
parts per thousand
|
|
|
salinity of water is...
|
35 parts per thousand, but it's determined by evaporation/precipitation.
|
|
|
Sources of salt?
|
chemical weathering of rocks, volcanic emissions, hydrothermal activity on the seafloor.
|
|
|
determining density
|
lower temp equals higher density. lower salinity equals lower density.
|
|
|
Sea Surface Temperature
|
strongly correlates w/ latitude because insolation is high at low latitudes.
|
|
|
What are the three provinces of the ocean?
|
Continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges.
|
|
|
What are the two kinds of seimsic waves and what is their motion?
|
Primary waves move with a back and forth motion, plus it can travel through liquids and solids. The secondary waves move with an up and down motion. These can only travel through solids.
|
|
|
What is the Wilson Cycle?
|
The Wilson Cycle is the formation, expansion, contraction and eventual elimination of an ocean basin.
|
|
|
What drives plate motion?
|
The convection in the asthenosphere drives the movement of the plates. Convection is when hot, less dense stuff rises as the colder, and more dense stuff sinks.
|
|
|
Five types of sediment?
|
Sand, Silt, Mud, Clay, Gravel.
|
|
|
What is marine sediment good for?
|
To determine volcanic activity, meteorite impacts, changes in ocean chemisty, and desiccation of marginal seas.
|
|
|
What are marine mircrofossils good for?
|
To determine changes in climate; global ice volume and sea level, ocean temperatures and salinity, ocean stratification and circulation, and wind patterns.
|
|
|
Red Clay
|
Terrigenous sediment, oxidized iron-bearing minerals from weathered granite.
|
|
|
What are some factors for the solubility of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)?
|
decrease in temperature, increase in acidity, and increase in pressure.
|
|
|
Temperature of maximum density of fresh water is?
|
4-degrees Celsius
|
|
|
Latent heat of melting equals...
|
-(latent heat of fusion)
|
|
|
Latent heat of vaporization equals...
|
-(Latent heat of condensation)
|
|
|
How much latent heat is required to evaporate water?
|
540cal/g
|
|
|
How much latent heat is required to melt ice?
|
80cal/g
|
|
|
What does the Hydrologic Cycle do?
|
It redistributes heat around the planet by circling water between the ocean, atmosphere and land.
|
|
|
What solutes exist in abundance in the oceans?
|
Cations and Anions!
|
|
|
What is the average salinity if the ocean?
|
35 parts per thousand
|
|
|
Where is the saltiest places on earth?
|
Atlantic, Mediterranean,
|
|
|
Sources of salt?
|
Chemical weathering of rocks, volcanic emissions, and hydrothermal activity on the seafloor.
|
|
|
Sinks for salt?
|
Formation of evaporites, biological activity, sea spray, and absorption of ions.
|
|
|
Density increases as salinity...
|
increases
|
|
|
Seawater freezes at...
|
-1.91 degrees Celsius
|
|
|
Colder equals
|
denser
|
|
|
Warm surface waters make up how much of the ocean volume?
|
2%
|
|
|
Thermocline waters make up how much of the ocean volume?
|
18%
|
|
|
Deep waters make up how much of the ocean volume?
|
80%
|
|
|
What is ther permanent thermocline?
|
the interval through which temperatures decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.
|
|
|
Where does the highest ocean salinity exist?
|
Between 20-30 degrees Norht and South of the equator because evaporation exceeds precipitation.
|
|
|
Thermocline?
|
A zone of rapid change in temperature with water depth.
|
|
|
Halocline?
|
A zone of rapid change in salinity with water depth.
|
|
|
Solar radiation in low latitudes...
|
is abundant and more radiation is received during daylight hours
|
|
|
Solar radiation in high latitudes...
|
Experience months of darkness and months of light.
|
|
|
Solstice?
|
June and December 21st. During June, the sun directly hits the tropic of cancer. During Dec. the sun directly hits the tropic of capricorn.
|
|
|
Equinox?
|
During March and September 21st, all part of the Earth are receiving sun. Sun is directly hitting the equator.
|
|
|
What is it called when the earth is the closest to the sun?
|
Perihelion
|
|
|
Name the greenhouse gasses?
|
Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Ozone, Chlorofluorocarbons
|
|
|
Biggest contributors?
|
H20-60 to 70 percent.
CO2- 20 to 25 percent O3-5 to 7 percent. |
|
|
Why worry so much about CO2?
|
Has longer residence time
|
|
|
Sea level may rise by two processes?
|
Thermal expansion, and melting glaciers
|
|
|
Estimated sea level rise?
|
.2 to .6 meters
|
|
|
If greenland were to melt, how much would the sea leve rise?
|
about 7 meters
|
|
|
If Antartica were to melt, how much would the sea level rise to?
|
about 60 meters.
|
|
|
What are low pressure systems?
|
Air rising from the surface.
|
|
|
High pressure systems?
|
Air sinking from aloft
|
|
|
Cyclones and anticyclones?
|
Cyclones turn clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. Anti-cyclones turn clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
|
|
Density of air?
|
warmer air has lower density and cooler air has higher density.
|
|
|
Greater cloud concentrations?
|
exist in the equator, and 60-degrees latitudes.
|
|
|
What are prevailing winds?
|
The trades, westerlies, and polar easterlies.
|
|
|
How is the wind patterns in the ITCZ and horse winds?
|
In the northern hemisphere, they move from east to west.
|
|
|
What is the Coriolis effect in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere?
|
In the Northern Hemisphere, the deflection is to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere, the deflection is to the left.
|
