Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Accretion
|
The clumping of small particles into large masses
|
|
|
Big Bang
|
13.7 bya
All of the mass and energy of the universe was concentrated at a point |
|
|
Density Stratification
|
Lasted 100my
The formation of layers in a material with each deeper layer being denser than the layer above |
|
|
Marine Science
|
Another word for oceanography
|
|
|
Milky Way galaxy
|
Huge, rotating aggregation of stars, dust, gas, and other debris held together by gravity
|
|
|
Ocean
|
Vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of Earth's surface
|
|
|
Oceanography
|
The process of discovering unifying principles in data obtained from the ocean, it's associated like forms and its bordering lands
|
|
|
Outgassing
|
The volcanic venting of volatile substances, including water vapor
|
|
|
Planets
|
The smaller bodies that orbit a star & don't shine by their own light
|
|
|
Protosun
|
Material concentrated near solar nebulas center
|
|
|
Solar nebula
|
The nebula began to collapse inward from gravity, and began to spin faster & faster
|
|
|
Solar System
|
The sun and its family of planets. They're located about 3/4 of the way out from the galaxies center
|
|
|
Stars
|
Massive spheres of incandescent gases
|
|
|
Theory
|
A statement that explains the observations
|
|
|
World Ocean
|
A single entity with subtly different characteristics at different locations but with very few natural partitions
|
|
|
Oceanus
|
A latin variant of Ocean
|
|
|
Cartographers
|
Chart makers
|
|
|
Charts
|
Graphic representations that primarily depict water and water related information
|
|
|
Library of Alexandria
|
Considered the first University
Progress in marine science began here |
|
|
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
|
Second librarian
Greek The first to calculate the circumference of the Earth |
|
|
Latitude
|
Lines parallel to the equator
|
|
|
Longitude
|
Lines going from pole to pole
|
|
|
Polynesian
|
People of the eastern and central Pacific islands
Required a profound knowledge of the oceans for their voyages |
|
|
Chinese Navigators
|
Invented water tight compartments, sails on multiple masts, and the compass
|
|
|
Prince Henry the Navigator
|
Established a center for the study of marine science & navigation
|
|
|
Christopher Columbus
|
"Discovered" North America while trying to find a western route to Asia
|
|
|
Ferdinand Magellan
|
Initiator & leader of the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. First voyage around the world
|
|
|
James Cook
|
Discovered cure for scurry
Discovered & mapped Hawaiin Islands Conducted first real scientific oceanographic voyage |
|
|
U.S. Exploring Expedition
|
Led by Captain Charles Wilkes
A lot of natural science collections, and it became the basis of Smithsonian Institute Collections Confirmed Antarctica as a continent |
|
|
Matthew Maury
|
US Navy Officer
Compiled info on winds & currents *Studied old logs and compiled data Determined the best routes "Father of physical Oceanography" |
|
|
Challenger
|
*FIRST major scientific expedition
Disproved Edward Forbes "azoic Theory" (that life below 549m was impossible) *FIRST true research ship |
|
|
Fridtjof Nansen
|
Wanted to see if there was a continental mass at the North Pole, so he created "The Fram" (ship) and froze it to drift
|
|
|
Meteor Expedition
|
German
The first expedition to use modern optical & electronic equiptment First real use of the Echo Sounder |
|
|
Echo Sounder
|
A device that bounces sound waves off the ocean floor to study the depth & contour of the seafloor
|
|
|
NOAA
|
Seeks to facilitate commercial uses of the ocean
|
|
|
TOPEX/Poseidon
|
Ocean circulation every 10 days
Measures ocean height, waves, water vapor & water temp |
|
|
Jason-1
|
Follow onto TOPEX
Measures global-seasonal changes in the oceans Height accuracy to 3.3cm |
|
|
SEASTAR
|
Carries a color scanner called SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing wide-field-of-view-sensor)
|
|
|
AQUA
|
1 of 4 of NASAs next generation of Earth-observing satellites into polar orbit
|
|
|
GPS (Global Positioning System)
|
A "constellation" of 24 satellites in orbit
|
|
|
Asthenosphere
|
Material that can flow
It includes upper mantle, ocean, and continental crust |
|
|
Atoll
|
Just the reef that is left
|
|
|
Basalt
|
Heavy, dark, composed mostly of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and iron
|
|
|
Buoyancy
|
The ability of an object to float in a fluid by displacing a volume of that fluid equal in weight to the floating objects own weight
|
|
|
Conduction
|
A process to slow migration of heat along a skillets handle
|
|
|
Continental crust
|
Granitic
Lower density than Oceanic |
|
|
Continental Drift
|
Theory that the continents move slowly across the surface of Earth
|
|
|
Convection
|
Occurs when a fluid is heated, expands & becomes less dense and rises
|
|
|
Convergent Plate Boundary
|
When the crust come together
|
|
|
Core
|
Composed of mixtures of iron
Solid inner core Liquid outer core |
|
|
Crust
|
Uppermost layer
Lightweight Brittle |
|
|
Divergent Plate Boundaries
|
Spreads apart
|
|
|
Fault
|
A fracture in a rock mass along which movement has occured
|
|
|
Granite
|
Familiar speckled rock composed mainly of Oxygen, Silicon and Aluminum
|
|
|
Guyot
|
Flat-topped seamounds. Doesn't rise above sea level
|
|
|
Hot Spot
|
Stationary zones of volcanic activity
Creates a chain of volcanoes that progressively get older toward the end |
|
|
Isostatic Equilibrium
|
Balanced support of lighter material in a heavier, displaced supporting matrix
Analogous to buoyancy |
|
|
Lithosphere
|
The upper mantle and crust
Rigid, solid rock |
|
|
Lower Mantle
|
Extends to the core
Even though it's hotter it doesn't melt |
|
|
Magma
|
Molten rock capable to fluid flow
Called lava above ground |
|
|
Magnetometer
|
Shows magnetism (Normal and reverse)
|
|
|
Mantle
|
THe layer beneath the crust
Mainly oxygen, iron, magnesium, and silicon |
|
|
Oceanic Crust
|
Basaltic
Higher density (low in silica & high in iron & magnesium) |
|
|
"Pacific Ring of Fire"
|
The zone of seismic and volcanic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
Paleomagnetism
|
The "fossil", or remnant, magnetic field of a rock
|
|
|
Pangaea
|
250 mya
means "all earth" |
|
|
Panthalassa
|
Means all ocean
The surrounding ocean of Pangaea |
|
|
Abyssal Hill
|
Small sediment-covered inactive volcano or intrustion of molten rock less than 200m high, thought to be associated with seafloor spreading
|
|
|
Abyssal Plain
|
Flat, cold, sediment-covered ocean floor between the continental rise and the oceanic ridge
|
|
|
Active Margin
|
The continental margin near an area of lithospheric plate convergence
|
|
|
Bathymetry
|
The discovery & study of submerged contours
|
|
|
Bathyscaphe
|
Deep-diving submersible designed like a blimp, which uses gasoline for buoyancy and can reach the bottom of the deepest ocean trenches
|
|
|
Continental Margin
|
The submerged outer edge of a continent, made of granitic crust
Includes the continental shelf and continental slope |
|
|
Continental rise
|
The wedge of sediment forming the gentle transition from the outer edge of the continental slope to the abyssal plain
|
|
|
Continental Shelf
|
The gradually sloping submerged extension of a continent
|
|
|
Continental Slope
|
The sloping transition between the granite of the continent and the basalt of the seabed
(The true edge of a continent) |
|
|
Epicenter
|
The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
|
|
|
Fracture Zone
|
Area of irregular, seismically inactive topography marking the position of a once-active transform fault
|
|
|
Gravimeter
|
A sensitive device that measures variations in the pull of gravity at different places on Earth's surface
|
|
|
Hydrothermal Vent
|
A spring of hot, mineral and gas rich seawater found on some oceanic ridges in zones of active seafloor spreading
|
|
|
Island Arc
|
Curving chain of volcanic islands & seamounts almost always found paralleling the concave edge of a trench
|
|
|
Ocean Basin
|
Deep-ocean floor made of basaltic crust
|
|
|
Oceanic Ridge
|
Young seabed at the active spreading center of an ocean.
The boundary between diverging blates |
|
|
Passive margin
|
The continental margin near an area of lithospheric plate divergence
|
|
|
Seamount
|
A circular projection from the seafloor
|
|
|
shelf break
|
The abrupt increase in slope at the junction between continental shelf and continental slope
|
|
|
Submarine canyon
|
A deep, V-shaped valley running roughly perpendicular to the shoreline and cutting across the edge of the continental shelf & slope
|
|
|
Transform Fault
|
A plane along which rock masses slide horizontally past one another
|
|
|
Trench
|
An arc-shaped depression in the deep-ocean floor with very steep sides & a flat sediment-filled bottom coinciding with a subduction zone
|
|
|
Turbidity Current
|
An underwater "avalanche" of sediments thought responsible for the deep sculpturing of submarine canyons
|
|
|
Plate Tectonics
|
The theory that Earth's lithosphere is fractured into plates that move relative to each other
|
|
|
Plates
|
Rigid sediments of Earth's lithosphere that move independently
|
|
|
Radioactive decay
|
The disintegration of unstable forms of elements, which releases subatomic particles and heat
|
|
|
Radiometric dating
|
The process of determining the age of rocks by observing the ratio of unstable radioactive elements to stable decay products
|
|
|
Seafloor Spreading
|
Theory that new ocean crust forms at spreading centers and pushes the continents aside
|
|
|
Seismic Waves
|
A low-frequency wave generated by the forces that cause earthquakes
|
|
|
Seismograph
|
An instrument that detects & records earth movement associated with earthquakes
|
|
|
Spreading center
|
The junction between diverging plates at which new ocean floor is being made
|
|
|
Subduction
|
The downward movement into the asthenosphere of a lithospheric plate
|
|
|
Transform Plate Boundary
|
Places where crustal plates shear laterally past one another
|
|
|
Terrane
|
An isolated segment of seafloor, island arc, plateau, continental crust, or sediment transported by seafloor spreading to a position adjacent to a larger continental mass
|
|
|
Hypsographic Curve
|
Graph that shows proportion of land area at various elevations
|
|
|
Alfred Wegener
|
German
Proposed theory of continental drift |
|
|
John Tuzo Wilson
|
Canadian
Proposed the theory of plate tectonics |
