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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an observation? |
A non-experimental method of collective data |
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What are two difficulties of observations? |
Difficult to work out what to record and when. Difficult to record everything |
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What is event sampling? |
Counting the number of times a specific behaviour (event) occurs. |
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Time Sampling |
Sampling behaviour for one or more short periods of time. |
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Ads and Dis for Event sampling? |
Difficult to observe in large areas Less chance of behaviour being missed |
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Ads and Dis for time sampling |
Some behaviour may be missed Reduce the amount of time spent |
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How to solve the difficulty to work out what to record? |
Use a behaviour checklist to break up the behaviour we witness |
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What is a structured observational technique? |
When the researcher uses various 'systems' to organise observations. |
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What is a unstructured observation technique? |
When researcher records all relevant behaviour but has no system |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What is covert observation and ads & dis? |
Social research participating without informing members of the reason. Relationships can form Unethical behaviour Involve criminal acts Gain access Avoid behaviour changing |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What is covert observation and ads & dis? |
Social research participating without informing members of the reason. Relationships can form Unethical behaviour Involve criminal acts Gain access Avoid behaviour changing |
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What is overt observation and ads & dis? |
Researcher being open about the reason of their presence. Observed in natural environment Data openly and recorded Ethically accepted Behaviour may alter |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What is covert observation and ads & dis? |
Social research participating without informing members of the reason. Relationships can form Unethical behaviour Involve criminal acts Gain access Avoid behaviour changing |
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What is overt observation and ads & dis? |
Researcher being open about the reason of their presence. Observed in natural environment Data openly and recorded Ethically accepted Behaviour may alter |
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What is naturalistic observation and ads & dis? |
When's everything is left as it normally is, environment is unstructured. More than one researcher Difficult to replicate Animal not in captivity Natural behaviour |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What is covert observation and ads & dis? |
Social research participating without informing members of the reason. Relationships can form Unethical behaviour Involve criminal acts Gain access Avoid behaviour changing |
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What is overt observation and ads & dis? |
Researcher being open about the reason of their presence. Observed in natural environment Data openly and recorded Ethically accepted Behaviour may alter |
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What is naturalistic observation and ads & dis? |
When's everything is left as it normally is, environment is unstructured. More than one researcher Difficult to replicate Animal not in captivity Natural behaviour |
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How to improve the validity in observations? |
Reduce observer bias by using more than one. Refrain from informing observers about the aim |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What is covert observation and ads & dis? |
Social research participating without informing members of the reason. Relationships can form Unethical behaviour Involve criminal acts Gain access Avoid behaviour changing |
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What is overt observation and ads & dis? |
Researcher being open about the reason of their presence. Observed in natural environment Data openly and recorded Ethically accepted Behaviour may alter |
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What is naturalistic observation and ads & dis? |
When's everything is left as it normally is, environment is unstructured. More than one researcher Difficult to replicate Animal not in captivity Natural behaviour |
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How to improve the validity in observations? |
Reduce observer bias by using more than one. Refrain from informing observers about the aim |
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How to improve the reliability in observations? |
Use more than one observer Train all observers in the use of the behaviours Review behaviour checklist to ensure all categories are clear to everyone using it. |
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What are the 6 observation methods? |
Covert, Overt, Participant Observation, Naturalistic, Non-participant & Controlled. |
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What is a controlled observation, & ads & dis? |
Some variables are controlled by the researcher. Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Accurate Easy to replicate Avoids ethical issues |
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What is participant observation, and ads & dis? |
When the observer takes part in the study Normal behaviour Gains knowledge Time consuming Researcher at risk |
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What is covert observation and ads & dis? |
Social research participating without informing members of the reason. Relationships can form Unethical behaviour Involve criminal acts Gain access Avoid behaviour changing |
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What is overt observation and ads & dis? |
Researcher being open about the reason of their presence. Observed in natural environment Data openly and recorded Ethically accepted Behaviour may alter |
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What is naturalistic observation and ads & dis? |
When's everything is left as it normally is, environment is unstructured. More than one researcher Difficult to replicate Animal not in captivity Natural behaviour |
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How to improve the validity in observations? |
Reduce observer bias by using more than one. Refrain from informing observers about the aim |
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How to improve the reliability in observations? |
Use more than one observer Train all observers in the use of the behaviours Review behaviour checklist to ensure all categories are clear to everyone using it. |
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What is non participant observation? |
When the researcher is not involved in the research. Behaviour changes (social desirability) |
