Observation And Measurement

Front 1

What is the parent science to applied behavior analysis?

Back 1

behavior analysis

Front 2

What type of measurement does behavior analysis use to record behavior?

Back 2

direct measurement

Front 3

What does behavior analysis use as its primary standard behavioral measurement tool?

Back 3

cumulative response recorder

Front 4

Define the basic scientific "attitude" of empiricism.

Back 4

objective observation based on thorough description, systematic, and repeated measurement, and precise quantification of the phenomenon of interest

Front 5

What is the behavioral definition of observation?

Back 5

Effective stimulus control by events over the verbal behavior of a person who watches, notices, and senses these events, conditions, and changes over time

Front 6

What is a single subject research design?

Back 6

expose 1 organism to every experimental condition; a functional relation btwn the independent variable (the environment) and the dependent variable (the behavior) can be establish

Front 7

What is a group research design

Back 7

compares the outcomes of 2 diff. groups instead of 1 group; can't demonstrate an FR; only show a correlation

Front 8

Inductive approach

Back 8

gather data first, then analyze; specific--general

Front 9

What is meant by "learner knows best"?

Back 9

In ABA behavior is analyzed. The researcher is conducting the experiment to find out ow the learner will respond. The learner is the only one who know how he/she/it will respond in the given environment. The researcher can speculate but can never be 100% sure.

Front 10

Define frequency

Back 10

count
--------
time

Front 11

State how frequency represents a universal measure of behavior.

Back 11

It's a measure that applies to all behaviors.

Front 12

Why is frequency a sensitive measure of behavior?

Back 12

It can pick up or detect small changes to behavior that other measures cannot detect.

Front 13

What lead to the discovery of the significance of fluency?

Back 13

frequency

Front 14

free operant conditioning

Back 14

no constraint on rate

Front 15

controlled operant conditioning

Back 15

rate of response is dependent on experimenter

Front 16

List 3 advantages of self-charting

Back 16

1)Fosters rapid learning.
2) Avoids question of IOA.
3) Can show relations btwn multiple performers or multiple behavior

Front 17

On equal-interval (stretch-to-fill) graphs, how can effects of a treatment by falsely amplified?

Back 17

by changing the axes

Front 18

On the SCC what is the highest and lowest values possible?

Back 18

1 per day to 1000 per minute

Front 19

What kind of scale is the y-axis of a SCC?

Back 19

multiply-divide scale

Front 20

What kind of scale is the x-axis of a SCC?

Back 20

add-subtract scale

Front 21

On each chart cycle of the SCC, how do the frequencies increase?

Back 21

by a power 10

Front 22

On the SCC, how is the amount of time spend recording indicated?

Back 22

time bar (or counting time floor)

Front 23

How many dimensions does frequency have, and what are they?

Back 23

2: count
----------------
unit of time

Front 24

How do you compute frequency?

Back 24

count/unit of time

Front 25

What is an equivalent but somewhat more functional term for response?

Back 25

action or movement cycle

Front 26

List 3 ways you can actually count and record behaviors.

Back 26

1) tally marks on paper
2) wrist counter
3) self-charting using a computer program

Front 27

State why it is important to chart behavior as it occurs in real time by using real calendar days, having conventions for phase changes, no-change days, ignored days, and so on using an SCC

Back 27

The task of science is the observe and analyze all aspects of behavior including the trends, variability, etc. in behavior. By charting phase changes, no-chance days, ignored days, etc., any and all changes in the trends and variations of the behavior will be able to observed and explained. This can help the therapist to provide the most effective treatment.

Front 28

jumps

Back 28

abrupt changes in frequency

Front 29

turns

Back 29

changing in celeration

Front 30

verge

Back 30

gradual change in bounce size

Front 31

crease

Back 31

abrupt change in bounce size

Front 32

What is the difference between activity and movement cycle (MC)?

Back 32

activity is a whole variety of behaviors
MC-one complete behavior

Front 33

State the principle characteristics of a movement cycle.

Back 33

one countable action
detectable
has action/movement
takes time
occurs in time

Front 34

State the characteristics of behavior according to Johnston & Pennypacker's definition of behavior

Back 34

--organism acts on environment/organism change each other
--detectable/measurable
--has motion, movement, or action
--takes place in time, takes time

Front 35

Why is it important to pinpoint a behavior?

Back 35

So that when a behavior occurs, we can count it.

Front 36

What is the Dead Person's Test? What is it's significance?

Back 36

If a dead person can do it, then it's not behavior.
This test allows vague, ambiguous behavior labels to be clarified.

Front 37

Which part of the IS-DOES equation is descriptive of environmental events when function is unknown?

Back 37

IS

Front 38

Which part of the IS-DOES equation tells that the function is known?

Back 38

DOES

Front 39

Program

Back 39

settings, conditions, context, materials, apparatus

Front 40

Antecedent Event

Back 40

specific event that occurs before an MC, or some specific item or event presented to an individual prior to a MC

Front 41

Movement Cycle (MC)

Back 41

a single, complete action performed by a person ,where the action as a start time, a do time, and a stop time;
the next instant of the action cannot occur until the previous instant has completed.

Front 42

Arrangement

Back 42

relationship btwn MC and subsequent event

Front 43

Subsequent Event

Back 43

follows MC

Front 44

How are movement cycles/responses measured?

Back 44

via frequency

Front 45

How are activities, episodes, and tasks typically measured?

Back 45

via interval or duration recording

Front 46

Which type of measurement provides a more thorough and accurate picture of the behavior's actual occurrence, frequency, or interval?

Back 46

episode

Front 47

What is an activity comprised of?

Back 47

many different operant responses

Front 48

How many dimensions does frequency have?

Back 48

2

Front 49

How many dimensions does percent have?

Back 49

0

Front 50

What is the formula for accuracy ratio?

Back 50

# C
-------
# W

Front 51

How is accuracy different and thus better than percent correct?

Back 51

Accuracy ratio shows a learner's improvement even after they have reached 100% correct, while percent correct doesn't allow this.

Front 52

Accuracy is dependent/independent of frequency.

Back 52

independent

Front 53

What does a learning picture show?

Back 53

a learner's change in accuracy over time

Front 54

In a free-operant environment, correct and incorrect responding may celerate independently/dependently.

Back 54

independently

Front 55

celeration

Back 55

count/time/time

Front 56

Which of the following is used to show a trend over time?

a) celeration
b) frequency
c) bounce
d) time bars

Back 56

celeratio

Front 57

What kind of line do you use when drawing an celeration line?

Back 57

straight line

Front 58

When you extend a celeration line beyond the last charted dot using a dashed line, what is this called? A celeration _____

Back 58

projection

Front 59

A celeration line drown through all of the dots in a series is known as a(n) _____

Back 59

overall

Front 60

A celeration line drown through only the dots withing a given experimental phase after a phase change is known as a(n) ________.

Back 60

event-following

Front 61

On an SCC, any change in celeration

Back 61

turn

Front 62

On an SCC, any change in frequency

Back 62

jump

Front 63

A behavior jumps from a frequency of 4/min to 20/min. This shows a jump value of _____. And is a JUMP UP/JUMP DOWN/ NO JUMP.

Back 63

X5
JUMP UP

Front 64

On a chart, the celeration of a data set changes from X16 to a X4. This shows a celeration turn value of _____. And is a TURN UP/TURN DOWN/ NO TURN.

Back 64

/ 4
TURN DOWN

Front 65

the variability of a data set

Back 65

bounce

Front 66

an abrupt change in bounce

Back 66

crease

Front 67

a gradual change in bounce

Back 67

verge

Front 68

an abrupt change in frequency that spikes or down, then reverts back to its prior frequency

Back 68

outlier

Front 69

an abrupt change in frequency that maintains over time

Back 69

jump

Front 70

a change in celeration

Back 70

turn

Front 71

Behavior occurs at a certain point of time

Back 71

temporal locus

Front 72

Behavior takes up some time to complete

Back 72

temporal extent

Front 73

Behavior is countable and can occur again and again over time

Back 73

repeatability

Front 74

Elapsed time between two responses

Back 74

latency

Front 75

Force or intensity of a response

Back 75

magnitude

Front 76

Time between a stimulus and a response

Back 76

IRT

Front 77

Form or shape of a behavior

Back 77

topography

Front 78

What measure is based on temporal locus?

Back 78

IRT

Front 79

What measure is based on temporal extent?

Back 79

Latency

Front 80

What measure is based on repeatability?

Back 80

countability/reliability

Front 81

EVENT RECORDING / TIME SAMPLING measures allow for a real-time representation of a behavior's occurrence.

Back 81

event recording

Front 82

EVENT RECORDING / TIME SAMPLING only gives a rough estimate of a behavior's occurrence.

Back 82

time sampling

Front 83

Direct measure of behavior; record each response as it occurs

Back 83

event recording

Front 84

Record only if the behavior occurs during the whole interval

Back 84

whole interval recording

Front 85

Record if behavior occurred at any time during the interval

Back 85

partial interval recording

Front 86

If the behavior was being performed right exactly at that very moment and only that moment, then record behavior as having occurred.

Back 86

momentary time sampling

Front 87

Measure the activity of a group; record the # of persons engaged in an activity at the moment of recording.

Back 87

PLACHECK

Front 88

Whole interval recording tends to OVERESTIMATE / UNDERESTIMATE most behaviors.

Back 88

overestimate

Front 89

Partial recording tends to OVERESTIMATE / UNDERESTIMATE most behaviors.

Back 89

underestimate

Front 90

Long lasting effects of behavior

Back 90

permanent product

Front 91

3 requirements for obtaining valid IOA

Back 91

1) Observers must be independent.
2) Observers must measure the same event.
3) Observers must use the same measurement system.

Front 92

Extent to which data are directly relevant to behavior of interest

Back 92

validity

Front 93

Observed values match the true values as they exist in nature.

Back 93

accuracy

Front 94

When repeated measures of the same event yield the same values.

Back 94

reliability

Front 95

Observer begins detecting and recording behaviors outside the definition.

Back 95

observer drift

Front 96

Monitoring and adjusting measurement systems so they correspond to true values

Back 96

calibration

Front 97

T or F: If data are reliable, they are also accurate

Back 97

F

Front 98

Based on Baer (1977) article, state were homogeneity should be found during behavior-analytic research. Where do we not necessarily expect to see homogeneity?

Back 98

Homogeneity should be found in IOA. It is not necessarily found in reliablity.

Front 99

Based on the Kazdin (1977) article, state and describe one assessment characteristic that dictates the meaningfulness of any estimate of IOA.

Back 99

Observer drift: Observers are trained to correctly record behavior. Then, they are left on their own, and it is assumed that they will continue to correctly record behavior. But, observer drift can occur. This can show high levels of IOA but low levels of accuracy.

Front 100

When do u use the term "data"?

Back 100

using a plural noun

Front 101

When do we use the term "datum"

Back 101

when we are using a singular noun.

Front 102

Where data converge on the y-axis

Back 102

level

Front 103

Overall data set direction

Back 103

trend

Front 104

Range of data points

Back 104

variability

Front 105

Small lines or marks at regular intervals (or at regular ratios) along the chart scale to denote units

Back 105

tic marks

Front 106

What does scatterplot show?

Back 106

a correlation between two variables

Front 107

Correlation DOES / DOES NOT imply causation.

Back 107

does not

Front 108

Why is social validity important?

Back 108

It is important in order to assess how well a program is received.

Front 109

Which individuals should be included in social validity assessments?

Back 109

--primary recipient of intervention
--solicited intervention for someone else (parents, teachers)
--immediate community: those who interact with direct or indirect consumers (employers, neighbors)
--extended community: those who live in the same community (tax payers,organizations)

Front 110

What overt behaviors might indicate that a goal/behavior/intervention is socially valid?

Back 110

--social comparison
--ask consumers to rate the social validity of performance
--use a standardized assessment instrument
--test participants' newly learned level of performance in the natural environment

Front 111

What 3 areas where social validity should be assessed?

Back 111

1) direct consumers
2) immediate community
3) extended community

Front 112

Nominal scale

Back 112

names/labels
------------------
telephone #s
sports jersey #s,
automobile license plates
SSNs
flight numbers

Front 113

Ordinal scales

Back 113

Order/rank
--------
Sports rankings
IQ scores
Achievement Test scores
Model numbers & serial numbers
House numbers
Interstate Highways
Course grades

Front 114

Interval scales

Back 114

have “arbitrary” zero points
----------------------------------------
Temp scale

Front 115

Ratio scales

Back 115

have an “absolute zero.” (Even if you can only “approach” it and never quite actually reach it)

Front 116

Add Scale

Back 116

The distances are constant. Adding by the same number moves you the same known distance.
---------------------------------
Sport game scores
Counters
Ruler
Thermometer
Bathroom scale
Clock
Speedometer

Front 117

Multiple scale

Back 117

The distances are a constant: multiplied going up or divided coming down.”
--------------------------------------------
Sport teams and player improvement
Decibel scale (sound)
Richter scale (earthquakes)
Interest and dividends
Performance and learning
All growth
All decay

Front 118

Power scale

Back 118

Same number multiplied by itself.

Front 119

Which type of scale can u perform multiplication and division operations?

Back 119

ratio scale

Front 120

What type of mean would you need to compute for a multiply-divide data? What is it's formula?

Back 120

geometric mean
Formula: Multiply the numbers all together, and then take the nth root of them.