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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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the musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, muscles, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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Total of 206 bones make up the human skeleton.
Bones are either compact or spongy, spongy contains red bone marrow. Bones are either long, short, flat or irregular. |
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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a Joints is the articulation (the point between bones where they meet). Joints are" immovable", "slightly immovable", and" freely movable".
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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Ligaments are connective tissue that attaches bone to bone and holds them together
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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Tendons are connective tissue that join muscle to bone and promote movement
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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cartilage is a connective tissue that acts as a cushion in a semisolid gel material
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Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
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Muscles can be electrically excited, cause it to contract, extend, stretch and provide elasticity. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by the tendons
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How does the musculoskeletal system provide motion?
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contraction of skeletal muscles is produced by contraction of muscle fibers. The muscles contract and provide movement. When they shorten or stretch, other muscles provide movement of the joints.
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How does the musculoskeletal system provide protection for the body?
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the skeleton protects internal organs of the body. Bones: red bone marrow in spongy bones forms red blood cells, wbc's, and platelets, bones store and release calcium and phosphorus. When old bones are resorped in the body, osteoblasts build new bone for us .
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How does the musculoskeletal system provide protection for the body?
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Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in movement of the bones, maintain our posture and produce body heat. Muscles contract (bunch up) to move the bone attached at the joint.
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How does the musculoskeletal system provide protection for the body?
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Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on to each other.
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List ways that the elderly can increase their musculoskeletal strength and protect bones
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Diet: Ca (Dairy products, sardines, salmon, tofu, figs, and dried apricots) vitamin D, phosphorus (in almost everything we eat but highest in pumpkin and squash) Magnesium and vitamin K (meat and green veggies like spinach)
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List ways that the elderly can increase their musculoskeletal strength and protect bones
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ROM and exercise (especially Tai Chi) and prevention measures to protect from trauma: wearing a seat belt in the car and helmets if they ride a bike.
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Diagnostic tests: bone scan, arthroscopy, and electromyography
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Bone scans are used to detect tumors, metastatic growths, bone injury or degenerative bone disease. The contrast for the bone scan can be given IV or PO
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Diagnostic tests: bone scan, arthroscopy, and electromyography
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Bone Scan nursing implications: explain procedure, allergies or pregnant? Patient needs to lie quietly for 30-60 mins during the scan. Remove all metal, explain the radiation is lower than usual radiographs, assure them they won't be radioactive, the isotope is eliminated from body in 6-24hrs.
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Diagnostic tests: bone scan, arthroscopy, and electromyography
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arthroscopy is used to inspect interior of a joint (usually a knee) with a endoscope to diagnose problems of the patella, meniscus and synovium. Also used to evaluate progress of arthritis
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Diagnostic tests: bone scan, arthroscopy, and electromyography
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electromyography is used to detect abnormal muscle function or abnormal nerve transmission to a muscle, this helps determine the rehabilitation process. Needle electrodes are inserted into the muscles, stimulation sends impulses to read
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Diagnostic tests: bone scan, arthroscopy, and electromyography
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nursing implications for an electromyelography: consent form, no smoking or caffeine products for 3hrs before test. (relaxant meds should be withheld before the test) slight discomfort may occur from electrodes, please relax and contract your muscles, takes about 1hr.
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Some things that are linked to musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoporosis)
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steroids, smoking, physical inactivity, depression, obesity and diabetes
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Diagnostic tests: bone scan, arthroscopy, and electromyography
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nursing implications for arthroscopy: sedative may be given prior to procedure, after done they may walk but dont overdue it, watch for bleeding, swelling, circulation and sensation, use ice following procedure to reduce especially if surgery or bioposy was done
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Identify the steps in a nursing assessment of the musculoskeletal system
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1) data collection: where is pain, how bad, any history of osteoporosis in family? Any diseases? Do you have difficulty opening containers? What do you eat or drink that contains calcium? Do you take any vitamin supplements? Sun exposure? What kind of physical activities do you do?
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Identify the steps in a nursing assessment of the musculoskeletal system
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2) physical assessment: Posture, gait, balance, mobility, ROM, strength, spine, appearance of joints, skeletal muscle appearance in arms and legs, ability to perform ADL'S
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Critical thinking ???????
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How would you gather data about an elderly patient performing ADL'S at home before she is discharged? After a hip replacement, can u trust a statement of I can shop, cook, clean by myself... Why don't u trust the statement then? What will you do?
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How will you reduce the chance of contractures (shortening of muscle causing a deformity) for patients with musculoskeletal injuries
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by having consistent nursing interventions: gradual mobilization, exercise program, proper positioning, and instruction to the patient and family. "adaptive shortening" or contractures, begin 3-7 days after immobilization of a body part.
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Assist patients who have musculoskeletal injuries with active and passive ROM exercises
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The exercises should be done 3-4 times per day. Active ROM: when the patient can move body part by themselves arms in circles or flex foot. Passive ROM: when you physically move the body part for the patient.
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What are isometric exercises?
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generating tension between two opposing muscles, ex: flexing the lower arm while using the opposite hand to try to extend it.
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CAUTION! ISOMETRIC EXERCISES ALERT
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Do not do isometric exercises with patients who have hypertension, increased intracanial pressure, or CHF because their BP and HR increases significantly during these exercises
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Teach a patient to use crutches
refer to page 730 to see all options |
Four point gait: Advance left crutch
Advance right foot Advance left foot |
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Crutch safety
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crutches should be 16 in shorter than the patients height, two fingers below the axilla, elbows flexed at 30 degree angle, use arms to use body weight, do not rest weight of the armpit on the crutches, it can cause nerve damage.
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