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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most commonly seen pelvic mass in 1st trimester?
|
Corpus Luteum
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What is the primitive hindbrain known as?
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Rhombencephalon
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What is the maternal side of the developing placenta?
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Decidua basalis
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How much should a normal gestational sac grow per day?
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1 mm/day
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Herniation of fetal intestine should not be seen after how many weeks?
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12
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A gestational sac should be seen abdominally when the IRP level for hCG is _____ units/liter.
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3600
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T/F: Double decidual ring is an indication of ectopic pregnancy?
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False
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What is retention of a dead conceptus for a prolonged period of time?
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Missed abortion
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T/F: Hypertension can indicated hydatidiform mole?
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True
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What is an intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy called?
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Heterotopic pregnancy
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What is the limit for a normal yolk sac measurement?
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6 mm
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What can help distinguish an early intrauterine pregnancy from a pseudogestational sac?
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Yolk sac
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What drug is used to treat ectopic pregnancies?
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Methotrexate
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Which section of fallopian tube is most life threatening for ectopic pregnancy?
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Interstitial
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What does the "double bleb sign" refer to?
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Amnion and yolk sac
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T/F: A normal fetus is associated with trophoblastic disease?
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False
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What is the best measurement for estimating EDC?
|
Crown-rump length
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What can the nuchal translucency measurement indicate?
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Chromosomal abnormalities
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When the sac size occupies half of the uterine cavity, it suggests an age of ____ weeks?
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8
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Name 2 procedures that are used to treat an incompetent cervix.
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Shirodkar and McDonald's Procedure
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Nuchal translucency should not exceed ___?
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3 mm
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Where would you first see enlargement with hydrocephalus?
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Lateral ventricles
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What is a normal measurement for lateral ventricles?
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Less than 10 mm
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What is the landmark for measuring BPD and head circumference?
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Thalamus
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What is normal measurement for cisterna magna?
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Less than 10 mm
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What is used to show fetal heart rate?
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M-mode
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What structure of the heart is located closest to the fetal spine?
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Left atrium
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How much of the chest cavity should the heart occupy?
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1/3
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What are the great vessels?
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Pulmonary artery and aorta
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What is the hole between left and right atria of the heart?
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Foramen ovale
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What angle should the fetal heart be?
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45 degrees to the left of midline
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What does RVOT and LVOT stand for?
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Right/Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
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What vessel is the LVOT?
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Aorta
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What vessel is the RVOT?
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Pulmonary artery
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What echogenic structure can be seen within the left ventricle?
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Chordae tendinae/papillary muscle
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What view best demonstrates the diaphragm?
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Coronal
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Where is thoracic circumference measured?
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At the level of the 4 chamber heart
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What is the candy cane pulsating vessel on the left of spine?
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Aortic arch
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If a fluid-filled stomach isn't seen, what would you consider?
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Esophageal atresia
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How often should fetal bladder empty and fill?
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30-45 minutes
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What causes enlarged bladder in male fetus?
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Posterior urethral valves
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When can gender be differentiated?
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16 weeks
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What landmarks are used for measuring abdomen circumference?
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Stomach and portal vein
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When your patient becomes nauseated, dizzy, and hot what do you suspect?
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Supine hypotensive syndrome
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What lab test can rule out Down's syndrome?
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Amniocentesis
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What 4 things do you look for in a biophysical profile?
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Breathing, tone, movement, AFI
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What is it when the umbilical cord is near the cervical os?
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Vasa previa
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What could be the cause of a thick cord in an otherwise normal pregnancy?
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Excessive Wharton's jelly
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T/F: The placenta produces alphafetoprotein?
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False
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What is an accessory placenta called?
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Succenturiate
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How far should placenta be from cervical os to rule out previa?
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2 cm
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T/F: Hypertension causes an enlarged placenta?
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False
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What is normal measurement for full-term placenta?
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5 cm
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T/F: Placenta grade can determine fetal lung maturity?
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False
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T/F: Cord insertion can be seen superior to the bladder?
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True
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How many umbilical arteries should there be?
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2
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When do cerebellar measurements lose accuracy?
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After 30 weeks
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What is the best way to determine fetal lung maturity?
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Amniocentesis
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What is used to determine head shape?
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Cephalic index
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T/F: Quickening is present in the first trimester?
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False
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T/F: Nuchal skin fold is used to confirm gestational age?
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False
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What "angle" do you need to find for the correct BPD measurement?
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Asynclitism
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What long bone is least affected by IUGR?
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Clavicle
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What test calculates fetal heart rate according to fetal activity?
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Non-stress test
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T/F: Pleural effusions are seen with hydrops?
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True
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What are twins resulting from the fertilization of a single ova?
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Monozygotic
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What maternal disorder is commonly associated with thanataphoric dwarfism?
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Diabetes mellitus
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What disorder is cloverleaf skull associated with?
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Thanataphoric dwarfism
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Which form of holoprosencephaly is worst?
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Alobar
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Which trisomy is holoprosencephaly associated?
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Trisomy 13
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T/F: Oligohydramnios is associated with GI tract obstruction?
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False
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What are the four fetal measurements we are required to take?
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BPD, HC, AC, FL
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What syndrome is cystic hygroma associated with?
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Turner's
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What period does puerperium refer to?
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After delivery
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T/F: Erythroblastis fetalis is associated only with monozygotic twins?
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False
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T/F: Advanced placental grade is associated with maternal hypertension?
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True
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What drug is given to RH negative mothers?
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Rhogam
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What is the most common surgical procedure during pregnancy?
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C-section
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What is a molar pregnancy that is considered invasive but doesn't metastasize?
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Chorioadenoma destruens
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What does a McDonald's procedure do?
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Treats incompetent cervix
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What is the most common cause of acute postpartum hemorrhage?
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Uterine atony
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What does TRAP result in?
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Acardiac twin
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What is a fetus that weighs more than 4600 grams?
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Macrosomic
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An AFI of greater than 24 cm is considered what?
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Polyhydramnios
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T/F: IUGR is associated with oligohydramnios?
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True
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T/F: Amniotic fluid provides nourishment?
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False
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What is fetal excrement termed as?
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Meconium
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What organs produce amniotic fluid?
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Kidneys
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What units are used for measuring MSAFP?
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Multiples of the median (MoM)
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What three things does the triple screen measure?
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Unconjugated estriol, hCG, and AFP
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T/F: Fetal demise is associated with high AFP?
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False
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What is ACHE specific to?
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Spina bifida
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T/F: Decreased MSAFP is seen with Down's syndrome?
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True
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What does L/S help determine?
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Fetal lung maturity
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What is the optimal gestational age for karyotyping by amniocentesis?
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15-16 weeks
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T/F: CVS is most commonly done transabdominally?
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False
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What is a disorder that is caused by the presence of only one defective gene?
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Autosomal dominant
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What is a calcified fetus known as?
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Lithopeidon
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What is the most common cause of fetal death in 3rd trimester?
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Unknown cause
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What is the most common cause of fetal death in 1st trimester?
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Chromosomal abnormalities
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T/F: The cranial vault correctly forms with holoprosencephaly?
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True
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What is the most common neural tube defect?
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Anencephaly
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What region are encephaloceles usually found in?
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Occipital
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What syndrome is associated with dangling choroid plexus?
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Hydrocephalus
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What is a result of a defect in the cranium with herniation of cranial meninges through the defect?
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Encephalocele
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What trisomy is holoprosencephaly associated with?
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Trisomy 13
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T/F: Macrosomia is associated with diabetic mothers?
|
True
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What syndrome do you see lemon head?
|
Spina bifida
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What cyst almost always regresses with fetal age?
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Choroid plexus cyst
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What is complete destruction of the cerebrum?
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Hydranencephaly
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What is it called when a fetus has a protuberant structure coming off its face?
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Proboscis
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What age is best for measuring nuchal thickness?
|
15-21 weeks
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What is a spinal defect containing meninges and neural tissue?
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Myelomeningocele
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What can you visualize to best distinguish gastroschisis vs. omphalocele?
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Cord insertion
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T/F: Gastroschisis is covered by peritoneum?
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False
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What does CCAM stand for?
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Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
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What is the most common renal abnormality in an unborn fetus?
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Hydronephrosis
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What is the most likely cause of unilateral hydronephrosis?
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UPJ obstruction
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What is the congenital absence of kidneys bilaterally and severe oligohydramnios?
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Classic Potter's Syndrome
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What disorder do you see the "double bubble"?
|
Duodenal atresia
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What syndrome is associated with echogenic bowel?
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Down's syndrome
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What is talipes?
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Club foot
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What is permanent curvature or overlapping digits?
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Clinodactyly
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What is double right outlet almost always associated with?
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Hypoplastic left ventricle
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Visualization of a cystic fluid-filled collection adjacent and posterior to the heart most likely represents what?
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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T/F: Transposition of the great vessels can be diagnosed with the 4-chamber view?
|
False
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T/F: Premature atrial contractions are common and benign?
|
True
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Trisomy 21 is also known as what?
|
Down's syndrome
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What is the term for an enlarged tongue?
|
Macroglossia
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T/F: Classic Potter's syndrome is compatible with life?
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False
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What syndrome is associated with an extra set of chromosomes?
|
Triploidy
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T/F: Potter's syndrome is associated with polyhydramnios?
|
False
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What is anasarca?
|
Skin edema
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T/F: MSAFP is decreased with trophoblastic disease?
|
True
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What has a "snowstorm" appearance?
|
Molar pregnancy
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|
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During pregnancy, when should corpus luteum cysts resolve?
|
16 weeks
|
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What is the most common solid mass associated with pregnancy?
|
Leiomyoma
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What is the most common adnexal finding associated with trophoblastic disease?
|
Theca lutein cysts
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T/F: The menstrual cycle is influenced by the adrenal glands?
|
False
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Name the 4 sections of the fallopian tube.
|
Interstitial, Isthmus, Ampulla, Infundibulum
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What muscles are frequently mistaken for enlarged ovaries?
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Piriformis
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
|
In the ampulla of the fallopian tube
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T/F: Estrogen is responsible for premenstrual syndrome?
|
False
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T/F: Estrogen is responsible for stimulating endometrial proliferation?
|
True
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What muscles form the floor of the pelvis?
|
Levator ani
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Endometrium in a postmenopausal patient should not exceed ___?
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5 mm
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Which vessel provides the best landmark for locating the ovary?
|
Internal iliac artery
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What is a typical doppler waveform of uterine arterial flow?
|
High-velocity, high-resistance
|
|
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What is a typical doppler waveform of ovarian arterial flow?
|
Low-velocity, low-resistance
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|
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What system develops at the same time as the uterus?
|
Urinary tract
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Where is a Gartner's duct cyst found?
|
Vagina
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What muscles form the lateral pelvic sidewalls?
|
Obturator internus
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What is the normal uterine position?
|
Anteflexed
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T/F: Parietalis is a layer of the uterus?
|
False
|
|
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Name the four layers of the uterus?
|
Perimetrium, serosa, endometrium, myometrium
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|
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The iliac vessels usually lie ____ to the ovaries?
|
Lateral
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T/F: The uterus of a nulliparous female is smaller compared to a multiparous female?
|
True
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Anatomically, the uterus lies ____ to the bladder and ____ to the rectum?
|
Posterior, anterior
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The ureter is ____ to the ovary?
|
Posterior
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T/F: The true pelvis contains bowel?
|
False
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What ducts fuse to form the uterus, vagina, and fallopian tubes?
|
Mullerian
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Which part of the uterus is least distinctive?
|
Isthmus
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|
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T/F: The broad ligament is not a major suspensory ligament for the uterus?
|
True
|
|
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What is hypogastric artery another name for?
|
Internial iliac artery
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Where is the best region of the uterus to doppler the uterine artery?
|
Cervical region
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What is the potential space around the cervix called?
|
Fornix
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What is a mature follicle ready for ovulation?
|
Graafian follicle
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Ovulation usually occurs when the dominant follicle reaches what size?
|
2.5 cm
|
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A 24-year-old patient at day 14 of her menstrual cycle should show a ____ endometrium?
|
Periovulatory
|
|
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How many hours after ovulation does fertilization occur?
|
24-36
|
|
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What hormone stimulates endometrial proliferation?
|
Estrogen
|
|
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If the 2nd International Standard for hCG is 2000, the IRP level is what?
|
4000
|
|
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What hormone rises to produce a positive pregnancy test?
|
hCG
|
|
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What does hCG stand for?
|
Human choriogonadotropin
|
|
|
T/F: A patient taking oral contraceptives will develop a corpus luteum cyst?
|
False
|
|
|
What term describes the first onset of menstruation?
|
Menarche
|
|
|
What rate do ovarian follicles grow at?
|
2-3 mm/day
|
|
|
What phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation?
|
Secretory stage
|
|
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How soon after conception will pregnancy tests produce positive results?
|
1-2 weeks
|
|
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What is a fertilized egg called?
|
Zygote
|
|
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What organ produces FSH?
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
|
Normal hCG levels should double how often?
|
Every 48 hours
|
|
|
T/F: hCG levels with ectopic pregnancy increase to a point and then plateau?
|
True
|
|
|
How can you differentiate between a dominant follicle and corpus luteum cyst?
|
Follicle has clean, smooth walls
|
|
|
How often does the normal menstrual cycle occur?
|
Every 28 days
|
|
|
What hormone is responsible for inducing ovulation?
|
LH
|
|
|
What hormone is responsible for premenstrual symptoms?
|
Progesterone
|
|
|
What phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium thinnest?
|
Proliferative phase
|
|
|
What produces hCG?
|
Placenta
|
|
|
What day of a normal menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
|
14
|
|
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T/F: Cystadenoma is a physiologic condition of the ovary?
|
False
|
|
|
What is the term for absence of menses?
|
Amenorrhea
|
|
|
What is the normal cessation of menses called?
|
Menopause
|
|
|
What produces FSH and LH?
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
|
In the absence of fertilization, when should the corpus luteum regress?
|
14 days
|
|
|
What ovarian tumor would cause precocious puberty in a child?
|
Granulosa cell tumor
|
|
|
What syndrome is commonly associated with gonadal dysgenesis?
|
Turner's syndrome
|
|
|
What procedure is used to look at the fallopian tubes closely?
|
Hysterosalpingography
|
|
|
With what condition will 40% of women have trouble conceiving?
|
Endometriosis
|
|
|
What does postcoital mean?
|
After intercourse
|
|
|
What hormone stimulates cervical mucus production?
|
Estrogen
|
|
|
What drug is most commonly used to induce ovulation?
|
Clomid
|
|
|
What is a disadvantage of transvaginal ultrasound versus transabdominal?
|
Smaller field of view
|
|
|
What is the most common complication related to pharmaceutical stimulation of follicular growth?
|
Hyperstimulation
|
|
|
What does GIFT stand for?
|
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
|
|
|
What does ZIFT stand for?
|
Zygote intrafallopian transfer
|
|
|
Which has a higher succes rate, ZIFT or GIFT?
|
GIFT
|
|
|
T/F: Endometrial fluid collections are common in postmenoupausal patients?
|
True
|
|
|
What is the limit for what a postmenopausal endometrium should measure?
|
5 mm
|
|
|
What is the most common cause for postmenopausal bleeding?
|
Benign hyperplasia
|
|
|
What is the most common gynecological malignancy?
|
Endometrial
|
|
|
T/F: The posmenopausal uterus decreases in size and is infantile in appearance?
|
True
|
|
|
Most malignant ovarian tumors have what kind of doppler waveform?
|
Low resistance
|
|
|
Where is the most common site for an extrauterine adnexal mass?
|
Ovary
|
|
|
T/F: Cystadenoma is a solid tumor?
|
False
|
|
|
T/F: The uterus is retroperitoneal in location?
|
True
|
|
|
Name the 4 components of the uterus
|
1. Fundus
2. Corpus (body) 3. Isthmus 4. Cervix |
|
|
Name the 3 layers of the uterus
|
1. Parametrium
2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium |
|
|
Position in which the uterus tilts towards the bladder
|
Anteverted
|
|
|
Position in which the uterus tilts towards the rectum
|
Retroverted
|
|
|
Position in which the uterine fundus is folded onto itself anteriorly
|
Anteflexed
|
|
|
Position in which the uterine fundus folds towards the rectum
|
Retroflexed
|
|
|
This portion of the ovary consists of follicles and connective tissue
|
Cortex
|
|
|
This portion of the ovary consists of blood vessels, connective tissue, and primitive oocytes
|
Medulla
|
|
|
Name the 6 components of the fallopian tubes
|
1. Cornual
2. Interstitial 3. Isthmus 4. Ampulla 5. Infundibulum 6. Fimbriae |
|
|
Muscles in the anterior abdominal wall that extend from the xiphoid to the symphisis pubis
|
Rectus abdominis
|
|
|
Paired cylindrical muscles located lateral and anterior to the iliac crest
|
Iliopsoas
|
|
|
Bilateral muscles lining the lateral margin of the true pelvis
|
Obturator internus
|
|
|
Paired muscles alligned posterior to the uterus, vagina, and rectum
|
Piriformis
|
|
|
The 3 muscles that line the floor of the true pelvis
|
Coccygeus, iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus
|
|
|
Hammock-like muscle that is the most inferior
|
Levator ani
|
|
|
This space is posterior to the bladder wall and anterior to the uterus
|
Anterior CDS
|
|
|
This space is posterior to the uterus and anterior to the rectum
|
Posterior CDS
|
|
|
Another name for Posterior CDS
|
Pouch of Douglas
|
|
|
This space lies between the symphisis pubis and anterior bladder wall
|
Space of Retzius
|
|
|
This space comprises the distal vaginal recesses, which surround the cervix
|
Fornix
|
|
|
What does the uterine artery arise from?
|
Internal iliac artery
|
|
|
This branch of the uterine artery supplies the myometrium
|
Radial artery
|
|
|
This branch of the uterine artery supplies the endometrium
|
Spiral artery
|
|
|
What does the left ovarian vein drain into?
|
Left renal vein
|
|
|
What is the normal waveform found in a follicle in the proliferative phase?
|
Low-resistance
|
|
|
What is the normal waveform found in a corpus luteum?
|
High-resistance
|
|
|
What hormones determine the levels of estrogen and progesterone that are secreted by the ovaries?
|
FSH and LH
|
|
|
What are the 4 functions of estrogen?
|
1. Regenerates endometrium after menses
2. Causes endometrium to thicken 3. Induces salt and water retention 4. Promotes myometrial contractions during normal menses and labor |
|
|
What are the 3 functions of progesterone?
|
1. Thickens endometrium in secretory phase
2. Readies endometrium for implantation 3. Decreases myometrial contractions |
|
|
What percentage of infertility is male factors?
|
40%
|
|
|
What percentage of infertility is female factors?
|
40%
|
|
|
What form after curettage and spontaneous abortion, and appear as bright linear echoes?
|
Synechiae
|
|
|
What syndrome are there so many adhesions in the uterine cavity that it is completely closed?
|
Asherman's syndrome
|
|
|
Drug that is derived from the urine of postmenopausal women
|
Pergonal
|
|
|
What are 2 benefits of estrogen replacement therapy?
|
1. Decreased risk of osteoporosis
2. Decreased risk of heart disease |
