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303 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 distinct regions of the pelvis?
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True Pelvis & False Pelvis
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The true pelvis extends from...
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The linea terminalis to the pelvis diaphragm
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What organs does the true pelvis contain?
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Reproductive organs, bladder, genital tract and bowel
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The false pelvis is located on the _____ aspect of the pelvis cavity
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Superior
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Where does the false pelvis extend?
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The false pelvis extends from the iliac crest to the linea terminalis
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What is the true pelvis made up of?
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Includes piriformis muscles, obturator internus, and pelvic diaphragm
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What 3 things make up the pelvic diaphragm?
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Levator ani, pubococcygeus, and coccygeus
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What is the false pelvis made up of?
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Iliopsoas, rectus abdominis, and transervse abdominis
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The iliopsoas is made up of muscle from ____ & ____.
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psoas muscle & iliacus muscle fused together
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What does the pelvis skeleton consist of?
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Sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones
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What 3 bones make up the innominate bones?
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Ilium, ischium, and pubis
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Where are the innominate bones located?
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Located on the lateral and anterior margins of pelvic cavity
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The bony pelvis is made up of the _____ & _____
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Iliac crest and symphysis pubis
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What is considered the most superior aspect of the pelvic cavity?
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Iliac crest
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What does the piriformis muscle do & how is it shaped?
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It rotates & abducts the thigh and has a flat/triangular shape
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What muscle is the most posterior part of the true pelvis?
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Piriformis muscle
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The piriformis arises from the ____ & ____ portion of the sacrum
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anterior & lower
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The piriformis inserts into...
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The superior aspect of the greater trochanter
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The best sonographic appearance of the piriformis muscle would be...
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On a transverse scan & contains low level reflections
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The ____ muscle is the most commonly mistaken for an ovary in the TRUE pelvis
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piriformis muscle
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Where is the obturator internus muscle situated & what does it do?
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It is situated partly in the pelvic cavity & partly in the hip joint and rotates and abducts thigh
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The obturator internus muscle inserts into...
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the inner (medial) aspect of the greater trochanter
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How is the obturator internus muscle seen sonographically?
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It is a low-level reflector seen laterally on a transverse scan
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Which pelvic diaphragm muscle is most posterior & not seen on US?
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coccygeus
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What makes up the levator ani muscles?
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Pubococcygeus & iliococcygeus
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This muscle plays an important role in urinary and rectal continence
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Levator ani muscle
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Where is the sonographic appearance of the levator ani muscle?
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Seen on the inferior sections at the level of vagina & enclose lateral vaginal walls
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The levator ani muscles are ____ and ____ to vagina
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Posterior & lateral
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The psoas major muscle is seen on what type of exams?
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Cross sectional exams
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Where does the psoas major muscle originate and where does it extend?
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In the abdominal cavity & extends across the posterior wall of abdominopelvic cavity
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As the psoas major muscle descends...
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It becomes more rounded & courses laterally and anteriorly as it enters false pelvis
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What is the most commonly visualized pelvic muscle?
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Iliopsoas
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The _____ is considered the lateral landmark for the true pelvis.
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Iliopsoas
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This muscle is most often mistaken for ovary in the FALSE pelvis...
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Iliopsoas
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What is the sonographic appearance of the iliopsoas?
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Situated superio-laterally & is a bright reflector best seen longitudinally
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Where do the rectus abdominis muscles stretch?
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From pubic symphisis to the central ribs and sternum
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What does TRAM stand for & what is it?
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Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myoceutaneous procedure and it uses rectus abdominis muscles for breast reconstruction
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What do the rectus abdominis muscles do?
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They help more lower spine & pelvis and support weight of internal organs
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The transverse abdominis muscles form...
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The anteriolateral borders of the abdominopelvic cavity
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What ligaments hold the uterus in place?
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Round, Broad, Cardinal, and Uterosacral ligaments
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This ligament holds the uterus forwards and anteverted...
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Round ligament
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The ____ ligament holds the body & fundus of the uterus in place
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Round
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What is the round ligament made of?
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Paired fibrous cords
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Where is the round ligament located & how does it course?
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The round ligament is located between layers of broad ligament and it course anteriolaterally between the broad ligament
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Where does the round ligament insert?
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The round ligament inserts into the labia majora
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The round ligament originates in the ____ ____
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Uterine Cornua
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The round ligament is ____ & ____ the fallopian tubes
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Anterior & below
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The Broad ligament attaches the uterus ____ to the pelvic side walls and contains _____
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laterally, uterine BV's and nerves
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How does the broad ligament divide the pelvis?
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from side to side
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What is the broad ligament?
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It's a double fold of peritoneum that drapes over the uterus, fallopian tubes & ovaries
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What does the broad ligament create?
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A vesicouterine pouch anterior to the uterus & rectouterine pouch posterior
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The vesicouterine pouch is ____ to the uterus
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anterior
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The rectouterine pouch is ____ to the uterus
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posterior
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The broad ligament divides into 3 things what are they?
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The mesosalpinx, mesovarium, and mesometrium
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What does the mesosalpinx do?
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It enclose the fallopian tubes as it extends from the cornua of the uterus
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The mesosalpinx is considered the ______ of the broad ligament
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Upper fold
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The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament that...
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encloses the ovary & holds it in place
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This is the portion of the broad ligament below the mesovarium
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mesometrium
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The _____ ligament is a continuation of the broad ligament & contains wide bands of fibromuscular tissue
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cardinal ligament
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What does the cardinal ligament do?
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It provides rigid support & fixes the cervix in position
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The only portion of the uterus that is firmly suppoerted is the ____
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cervix
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Where does the cardinal ligament arise from and where does it insert?
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It arises from the lateral aspects of the cervix & inserts along the lateral pelvic floor
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The ______ ligaments are the _____ portion of the cardinal ligaments
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uterosacral, posterior
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Where do the uterosacral ligaments originate and extend?
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They originate at the lateral uterine isthmus and extend down along the sides of the rectum to the sacrum
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The uterosacral ligaments main role is to...
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hold the cervix in place
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The suspensory ligament/infundibulopelvic ligament is...
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a band of peritoneum consisting of part of the broad ligament and contains ovarian vessels
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The common iliac artery bifurcates into ____ & ____
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external iliac artery and internal iliac artery
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The external iliac artery stays in the false pelvis and eventaully becomes...
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the femoral artery
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The internal iliac artery is the same as the _____ artery
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hypogastric
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The internal iliac artery runs a ___ course and enters the ____ pelvis
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posterior course, true pelvis
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The internal iliac arteries branch into vessels to supply what organs?
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uterus, vagina, cervix, and ovaries
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The uterine arteries are branches off the...
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internal iliac arteries
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At what level do the uterine arteries branch?
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At the level of the cervix into the uterine & vaginal arteries
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Where do the uterine branches course?
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They course along the lateral aspect of the uterus toward the fundus
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What is the venous drainage of the uterus?
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analogous with arterial supply
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The uterine artery branches into _______.
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Arcuate arteries which loop around the uterus
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The arcuate arteries branch into ______.
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Radial arteries which penetrate the myometrium & give rise to straight arteries
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What do the straight arteries supply?
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The first layer of the endometrium
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What do the spiral arteries do?
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They profuse the proliferating endometrium
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Spiral arteries flow is responsive to...
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cyclical hormonal changes
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Ovaries have a _____ blood supply
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double; uterine A & V and ovarian A & V
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Ovarian & gonadal arteries are a branch of the _____ arteries
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uterine
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The uterine arteries and veins give rise to...
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the ovarian branches at the level of the cervix (cornua)
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The ovarian arteries and veins travel _____ within the ____ ligament
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laterally, broad
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The ____ supplies blood to the ovaries
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Abdominal aorta
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Where do the ovarian arteries branch off of?
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Branch off of the abdominal aorta inferior to the renal arteries
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The ovarian arteries are ____ to psoas and iliopsoas muscles within retroperitoneum
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anterior
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How do the ovarian arteries travel?
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They travel medial along suspensory ligaments to reach ovarian hilum
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The ovarian artery anastomoses with the ______ in the ____ ligament
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uterine, broad
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Where is the most consistent and successful area for assessing ovarian doppler flow?
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At the ovarian branch of the uterine artery
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True or False. Blood flow varies with the menstrual cycle.
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True
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The right ovarian vein drains into the ____.
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IVC
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The left ovarian veins drains into the ____.
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left renal vein
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What are the fallopian tubes supplied by?
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Anastomosed ovarian and uterine branches
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The "Ring of Fire" is...
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a thick walled ovarian cyst with blood flow surrounding the periphery
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Two other possibilities of "ring of fire"
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Corpus luteal cyst, ectopic pregnancy
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The best doppler evaluation would be ....
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endovaginal imaging
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Doppler evaluation consists of...
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angle independent waveform analysis
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Two types of doppler exams are ____ & ____.
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Ovarian doppler and uterine doppler
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Normal uterine doppler demonstrates ____ resistance flow.
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High
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Low resistance uterine flow is associated with ____ & ____.
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Malignancy& Benign masses
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Abnormal doppler flow has a ___ resistance and ____ diastole
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low resistance, and increased diastole
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The 3 peritoneal sacs in the pelvic cavity include?
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Anterior cul de sac, Posterior cul de sac, and prevesical space
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The anterior cul de sac is also known as _____.
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Vesicouterine pouch
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Another name for the posterior cul de sac is...
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Pouch of douglas/rectouterine pouch
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The prevesical space is also known as ____.
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retropubic space/space of retzius
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The anterior cul-de-sac (vesicouterine space) is the space between the ____ & ____.
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bladder and anterior uterus
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What is the most dependent space in the abdomino-pelvic cavity?
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Posterior cul-de-sac
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Which is the most common cul-de-sac for fluid to accumulate?
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Posterior cul-de-sac
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The posterior cul-de-sac (pouch of douglas) is ____ to the uterus
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posterior
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Fluid in the cul-de-sac could be 3 different things. What are they?
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Ruptured cyst, ectopic pregnancy, extensive ascites
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The prevesical space (retropubic) is ____ to the bladder and ____ to the symphisis pubis.
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anterior to the bladder, and posterior to symphisis pubis
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The peritoneum covers the ____ & ____ walls of the uterus.
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Anterior & posterior
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What pelvis does the sigmoid colon lie in?
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The true pelvis
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The sigmoid colon is ____ in length and position.
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variable
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The rectum is ____fixed in position.
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fixed
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The rectum is ____ to the vagina and is a _____ organ.
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Posterior, retroperitoneal
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What is the sigmoid colon continuous with?
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Continuous with the descending colon
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The sigmoid colon is considered loosely secured to ____ pelvic wall by the_____.
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posterior, mesocolon
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True or false. Bowel loops are heterogeneous due to content.
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True
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What may be noted about bowel on a transvaginal?
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Peristalis surrounding the uterus & ovaries. Peristalis is documented when necessary
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True or False. Normal lymph nodes are not visualized sonographically.
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True
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Where are pathological enlarged lymph nodes visualized?
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common iliac artery, external and internal iliac artery and vein, pelvic sidewalls, and false pelvis
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The 3 main groups of pelvis lympth nodes include?
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Common iliac nodes, external iliac nodes, and internal iliac nodes
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What are the 2 major parts of the ovary?
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The outer cortex and inner medulla
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What is the cortex of the ovary derived from?
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from the peritoneum but is different than normal because its epithelieum consists of single layer of columnar cells instead of flattened endothelial cells
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The cortex of the ovary is an outer ____ layer composed of _____.
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Serous, follicles
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The 6 stages of follicle development consist of?
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primordial, primary, secondary, graafian follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
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What is the medulla of the ovary?
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It is the inner area of each ovary
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What is the medulla composed of?
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Connective tissue, nerves, blood supply, lymph, and smooth muscle @ hilus
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How is the ovary and exocrine gland?
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Produces ova
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The ovary is also an endocrine gland because it...
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secretes estrogen, progesterone, and androgens
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Where is the neonatal period?
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Located between the lower pole of the kidneys and the true pelvis
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Ovarian volume ____ until puberty
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increases
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Ovaries have a ____ surface early in life and than eventually become ____ & ____ after menopause.
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smooth homogeneous, become pitted and atrophy after menopause
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When do most ovarian follicles develop?
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During reproductive years
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The ovaries have a ____ echogenicity.
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low to medium level
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How many primary follicles does that ovary contain at birth?
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200,000
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Follicles could be described sonographically as being ____.
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anechoic
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What is the dominant follicle?
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The graafian follicle
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A benign cyst that within the ovary that may occur and disappear on a cyclic basis is...
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follicular cyst
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When does a follicular cyst occur?
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When the dominant follicle fails to ovulate and remains mature
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What two things can a follicular cyst lead to?
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Menstrual irregularities and surgical intervention
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The sonographic appearance of a follicular cyst is...
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anechoic, small, thin-walled, with posterior enhancement. One should not it does not distort or enlarge ovary
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Mature ovarian follicles are also known as ____ follicles.
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Graafian
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The graafian follicle measure ___ cm.
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1.7-2.5 cm
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What is the mean diameter of a dominant follicular cyst at time the of ovulation?
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2 cm
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What is ovulation?
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Ovulation is the explosive rupture of an ovum from the ruptured graafian follicle
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A ______ cyst is formed to support pregnancy till ____ of gestation.
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corpus luteum, 10th
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What overtakes the function of a corpus luteum cyst at the 10th week?
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b-hCG
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True or False. A corpus luteum cyst is usually asymptomatic.
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True
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What can you do to make sure you don't mistake vessels for ovarian cysts or follicle?
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Use color or power doppler
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The average normal adult ovarian size is ____.
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3 x 2 x 2 cm
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What is the most accurate ovarian measurement?
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volume
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True or False. The volume of an ovary varies with hormonal status.
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True
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The average volume for an ovary is ____.
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.523 cm cubed
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What is the premenarchal volume?
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3cm cubed
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During menstration the volume of an ovary is ____.
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9.8cm cubed
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After menopause the volume of an ovary becomes ____.
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5.8cm cubed
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What is the range for length of an ovary?
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2.5 - 5 cm
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What is the range for width for an ovary?
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1.5 - 3 cm
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Anterior to posterior dimension of an ovary typically ranges between...
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.6 - 2.2 cm
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If the contra-lateral ovary's volume is greater than 2 times the average than it is....
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abnormal
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What insignificant structure is occasionally seen within the normal ovary?
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echogenic foci
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_____ are thought to represent inclusion cysts and calcification.
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echogenic foci
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What type of calcification should be followed up for an evaluation and why?
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Focal (localized) calcifications, to evaluate for an early neoplasm
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In the presence of pathology you should document which anatomic area?
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RUQ (w/ morison's pouch and area below diaphragm) and bilateral renal areas.
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When you see a large pelvic mass you should...
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R/O hyrdonephrosis
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Congenital renal anomalies are related to _____.
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congenital uterine anomalies
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The 3 main landmarks for ovaries include...
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Bladder, Uterus, and Iliac vessels
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The ovaries are ____ to the bladder.
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Posterior
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In a SAG image, the ovaries are located ____ to the uterus, or in the ______.
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Superior, or in the posterior cul-de-sac
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On a TRV image, the ovaries are ____ to the iliac vessels.
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Medial
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In the fossa of Waldeyer, the ovaries are ____ to the uterus.
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Adjacent
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What should you never do when looking for ovary position?
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Never move anterior to the uterus or broad ligaments
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The ovaries are always ____ to the iliac vessels but they are also ____ to the internal iliacs.
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Always medial, but also anterior & medial to internal iliacs
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What are the ovaries connected by?
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They are connected by the mesovarian ligament to the broad ligament.
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The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tube by the ____.
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Ovarian fimbriae
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What holds the ovaries to the sides of the pelvis?
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Suspensory ligaments
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What is the only abdominal organ not covered by peritoneum?
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"nude ovary"....medial, lateral, and posterior borders are free
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Why are postmenopausal ovaries hard to see?
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Because of the smaller size (atrophies) and lack of follicles.
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These type of cysts may be seen in some PM ovaries...
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small anechoic cysts
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When is surgery recommended for PM cysts?
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When they are greater than 5 cm and contain septations or solid nodules
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What exactly are the fallopian tubes?
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Paired muscular tubular structures that extend from the cornua of the uterus laterally & course within the peritoneal folds of the broad ligament
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The fallopian tubes are ____ to the bladder and ____ to the ovaries.
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Posterior to bladder, and anteriomedial to ovaries
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What are the 3 tissue layers of the fallopian tube?
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External serous layer, middle muscular layer, and internal mucous layer
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The external serous layer of the fallopian tube is made of ____.
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Peritoneum
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The middle muscular layer of the fallopian tube is composed of 2 layers itself. What are they?
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The external longitudinal layer of muscle fibers and the internal circular layer continuous with muscle fibers of the uterus.
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The internal mucous layer of the fallopian tube is continuous with what?
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The interstitial portion of the mucous lining of the uterus
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What is the approximate length of the fallopian tube?
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8 - 14 cm
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What is the approximate diameter of the fallopian tube?
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3 mm
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True or False. Normal fallopian tubes are NOT identified sonographically.
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True
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The 4 classifications of the fallopian tube are:
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Interstitial portion/Cornua, Isthmus, Ampulla, Infundibulum
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The interstitial portion (cornua) of the fallopian tube is classified as....
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a short area that passes through the uterine wall & IS imaged sonographically
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What is the approximate size of the interstitial portion/cornua of the fallopian tube?
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1 cm in length, and < 1 cm in diameter
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The Isthmus is the ____ portion of the fallopian tube near the ____.
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medial portion near the uterus, NOT imaged sonographically
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What is the approximate size of the isthmus?
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2 cm in length, and 1 mm in diameter
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The ampulla is considered _____, _____, and ____.
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convoluted, thin walled, and dilatable
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The widest & longest portion of the ampulla is....
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5 cm
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Is the normal ampulla imaged sonographically?
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NO
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Where is the ampulla in relation to the ovary?
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It curves over the ovary
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The infundibulum has finger-like projections called ____.
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fimbriae
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The infundibulum's length is?
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2 cm
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Is the normal infundibulum imaged sonographically?
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NO
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What is the adnexa?
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The peritoneal cavity spaces adjacent to the uterus and posterior to broad ligaments
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What does the adnexa contain?
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Ovaries, ligaments, tubes, vessels, and lymphatics
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Embryology occurs when...
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paramesonephric ducts of female embryo fuse midline to form vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes
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When is fetal sex determined?
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At time of fertilization
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Where do ovaries develop from?
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From the gonadal ridges
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_____ form on the surface of the _____ and migrate into the embryo and enter _____.
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Primordial germ cells, yolk sac, gonadal ridge
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The bladder may be mistaken for...
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A midline cystic mass
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What type of images are obtained when looking for a cystic mass?
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Post void images
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Which doppler is more sensitive?
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Power doppler
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What is the vagina?
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The vagina is a collapsible tube made of muscular layers and muscosa
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What are the 2 layers of the vagina?
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External layer, and internal layer
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What is between the mucous membrane and the muscle coat in the vagina?
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A layer of loose connective tissue containing a large plexus of BV's and muscular fibers
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The vagina is considered to be ______.
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Highly reflective
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Why is the vagina highly reflective?
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Because of the echogenic nature of the mucosa
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The vagina extends from the ____ to the ____.
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Vulva, to the uterus(cervix)
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Where is the vagina constricted?
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At the introitus (external entrance)
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The vagina is dilated in the ____ and narrowed at the _____.
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Dilated in the middle and narrowed at the uterus
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The inferior 3/4 of the posterior vagina is...
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adjacent and connects to the anterior wall of the rectum
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The superior 1/4 of the posterior vagina is...
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seperated by the rectal-vaginal pouch of the peritoneum (known as pouch of douglas)
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What muscles are found laterally to vagina and enclose the vagina?
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Levator Ani muscles
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The 3 tissue layers of the Uterus are...
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Serosa (outer layer), myometrium (middle layer), and endometrium (inner layer)
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What is the serosa?
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It is the smooth outer layer that surrounds the uterus and is not distinct on ultrasound
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What is the myometrium?
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The muscular middle layer of the uterus that is seen on US, typically homogeneous with mid level gray echogenicity, and peripheral anechoic structures
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What is the endometrium?
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Inner mucous layer that is highly vascular and has basal and functional layers.
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The sonographic appearance of the endometrium varies in...
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varies in echogenicity and thickness cyclically and with menopausal status
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The endometrial canal is contiguous with...
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With the peritoneum of vagina and through the fibriated extremity of the fallopian tubes
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How would you measure endometrial thickness?
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Sagittal AP, and do not include the hypoechoic inner myometrial layer
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What are the endometrium measurements of a menstruating female?
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4 mm - 12 mm (.4 cm - 1.2 cm)
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What are the measurements of a postmenopausal female?
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4 mm - 10 mm (.4 cm - 1 cm)
*Usually less than 8 mm |
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What can distort the appearance of the endometrium?
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Infection or adenomysosis
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True or False. Only the functionalis layer of the endometrium is included in the measurement, not the basalis layer.
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True
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The rhythmic cycle of menstruation is based on a ____ day cycle.
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28 day
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Day 1-5 of the menstrual/endometrial cycle is called the ____
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menses
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Day 6-9 is considered ____.
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Postmenstrual
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The phase that has an increased endometrial thickness and is between day 6-13 is the...
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proliferative phase
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The phase during the menstrual cycle where the endometrium is thickest and is between day 13-28 is the ....
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secretory phase
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What are myometrial contractions?
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A rippling effect along the endometrium (from cervix to fundus) that plays a role in sperm transport & can be seen on US during periovulatory and menstrual phases
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The different segments of the uterus include...
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fundus, cornua, body/corpus, isthmus(internal OS), and cervix
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What does the fundus contain?
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It contains the cornua, housing the interstitial portion of the fallopian tubes
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What is the Isthmus(internal OS)?
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Narrow portion connecting the body(corpus) with the cervix
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The ____ is the lowest portion of the uterus.
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cervix
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The largest portion of the uterus is the _____.
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Body(corpus)
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The "moustache sign" is from what?
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From shadowing from the lateral vaginal fornices seen in TRV or coronal plane
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What are nebothian cysts?
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Nebothian cysts are normal tiny benign cysts within the cervix
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Where are echogenic foci located?
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Inner layer of myometrium
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The length of the uterus in a prepubertal female is ____.
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1 - 3 cm in length, and .5 - 1 cm in H&W
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The length of the uterus in a woman who is nuliparous (without any births) is ____.
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6 - 8 cm in length, and 3 - 5 cm in H&W
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The length of the uterus in a woman with multiple births (multiparous) is _____.
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8 - 10 cm in length, and 5 - 7 cm in H&W
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A postpartum uterus remains ____ for 4-8 weeks after delivery.
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enlarged
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The length of a postmenopausal woman's uterus is typically ____.
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3 - 5 cm in length, and 2 - 3 cm in H&W
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The newborn uterus is ____ & ____.
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Prominent and thickened
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In the newborn uterus, the ____ consumes more area than the ____.
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cervix, uterus
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When does the uterus become prepubertal size?
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2-3 months of age
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The fundus to cervix ratio at 2-3 months of age is...
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1:1
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What is not sonographically visualized in the uterus at 2-3 months of age?
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The endometrial stripe
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The uterus increase in size after what age?
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Age 7
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When is the greatest increase in size of the uterus?
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After the onset of puberty
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What is the fundus to cervix ratio of the uterus at time of puberty?
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3:1
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When is the endometrium now visualized in a SAG uterus scan?
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When you are imaging the uterus to the right and left of the midline
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All measurements for GYN are to be taken in 3 dimensions. What are they in order?
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SAG x AP x TRV
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GYN scan lab measurements are to be written in ____ ONLY!
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centimeters
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What is interposed between the cervix and the bladder?
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a pad of cellular tissue
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The cervix contains 2 different OS. What are they?
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The internal OS and the external OS
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What maintain the cervix at a 90 degree angle?
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the round & uterosacral ligaments
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Three things that contribute to uterus postion include:
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pressure from bowel & colon, tone of the uterine musculature & ligaments, and perineal facis
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This refers to the axis of the cervix relative to the vagina.
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Version & is determind in SAG view
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This refers to the axis of the uterine body relative to the cervix.
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Flexion
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Uterine postion varies with...
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bladder fullness, anatomical postion, pregnancy, or pathology
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A retroverted uterus will become ____ with expanding pregnancy.
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Anterverted
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What can cause the uterus to be displaced?
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Uterine fibroids (benign), or a pelvic mass
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The normal uterus is _____ & _____ with an empty bladder.
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Anterverted & anterflexed
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The body (corpus) and the fundus of the uterus curve _____ to rest on top of the bladder.
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Anteriorly
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The most common displacement of the uterus is ____.
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Retroverted
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When the uterine fundus is FOLDED posteriorly beneath uterine body it is considered...
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Retroflexed
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Why is the retroverted uterus generally less echogenic than the cerival portion?
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Because the myometrium attenuates sound & parallels the beam when scanning transabdominally
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A retroflexed uterus is _____.
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hypoechoic
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A retroflexed uterus can sometimes be mistaken for a _____.
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Mass in the rectouterine space
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Four different variations in uterus position in the TRV projection include:
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Dextropostion, Levopostion, Dextroflexed, and Levoflexed
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When the uterus is displaced to the right it is considered...
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Dextraposition
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Levopostion is when the uterus is displaced to the ____.
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Left
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When the uterine body is displaced OR flexed to the right it is considered...
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Dextroflexed
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What is it called when the uterine body is displaced OR flexed to the left?
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Levoflexed
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Not only can the uterus be midline but it could also be...
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Deviated to the right or left
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A complete pelvic ultrasound exam utilizes 2 techniques. What are they?
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Transabdominal (TA), and Transvaginal (TV)
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What does a transabdominal scan involve?
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It involves surveying the pelvic anatomy & pathology, imaging lateral adnexa, and evaluating upper pelvis
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A transvaginal ultrasound gives better visualization of the ____ uterus.
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Retroverted
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The ____ is used as an acoustic window during a transabdominal scan.
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Distended urinary bladder
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An under distended bladder and over distended bladder are considered _____.
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Suboptimal imaging and things can be missed or displaced
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What type of transducer should be used with a TA scan and with what frequency?
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A curvilinear or sector transducer with frequencies typically between 3.5--5MHz
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To view superficial ovaries a ____ transducer is used.
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Higher frequency
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What may make the patient feel like their bladder is full when it really is not?
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A large pelvic mass
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With a transvaginal exam the bladder should be ____.
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Empty
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What type of transducer should be used for a transvaginal scan?
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A high frequency transducer 7.5 MHz or higher
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What 2 orthogonal planes are used for TA & TV scans?
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SAG (or longitudinal) and TRV (or coronal)
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Arteries lie ____ to veins in the pelvis.
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Anterior
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How is the iliopsoas identified on US?
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It is identified superiolaterally and is a bright reflector best seen longitudinally
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What type of scan is the piriformis best seen on?
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TRV scan
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Unless outlined by free peritoneal fluid the _____ are not visualized.
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Ligaments
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The main ligament that IS visualized is the ______ ligament.
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broad
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