Obesity And Weight Management

Front 1

What is obesity and overweight?

Back 1

Excess amounts of adipose tissue

Front 2

BMI considered overweight?

Back 2

25.0-29.9
~40% adults in USA

Front 3

BMI considered obese?

Back 3

BMI >or= 30.0
~20% adults in USA

Front 4

Causes of obesity?

Back 4

-Positive energy balance at somepoint in life
-Gene and environmental interactions (genetic defects, predisposition, abundant food supply)
-Social influences (inactivity, sedentary life style, eating behaviors, food selections)

Front 5

Adipose Tissue (AT) composition

Back 5

Essential fat = 8-12%
Storage fat = 8-24% male
21-35% female

Front 6

What are the cells found in AT?

Back 6

Adipocytes
-mature lipid-filled fat cells
-Cannot replicate
-Can get larger or smaller
-Can never give up all of stored lipid
-Total # may remain constant (set point)

Front 7

Hyperplasia

Back 7

Increase in cell numbers

Front 8

What are the 3 stages of life that you are in an anabolic state?

Back 8

4-6 yrs old
teenage yrs
pregnancy

Front 9

What do adipocytes do?

Back 9

Secrete MANY hormones and compounds - act as an endocrine system.
-Regulate energy balance via CNS (leptin)
-Modulate immune function (cytokines)
-Mediate insulin-sensitivity (resistin, inc ffa in bloodstream)

Front 10

What are some basic changes that can occur in AT?

Back 10

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, combo of inc cell & size

Front 11

Hypertrophy

Back 11

Increase in adipose cell SIZE, but there is a max limit

Front 12

Hyperplasia

Back 12

Increase in adipose cell NUMBER
can occur at anys tage in life but most common in infants, 5-6 yrs, teens and pregnancy

Front 13

Combined increase in fat cell size and number - what does this indicate?

Back 13

Indicated "classic" early onset obesity.
Strongly genetic in origin.
Extremely resistant to treatment.
After adolescence, inc in wt is due to hypertorphy.

Front 14

What is lipogenesis?

Back 14

The conversion of glucose and intermediates to fat

Front 15

How to high CHO diet increase weight?

Back 15

They mostly suppress fat oxidation

Front 16

How can you prevent fat storage?

Back 16

Decrease total kcals

Front 17

What is lipoprotein lipase?

Back 17

-An enzyme that removes lipids from the blood
-Increased in obese ppl who have lost weight

Front 18

How does estrogen influence fat storage?

Back 18

It increases LPL in gluteofemoral area

Front 19

What is hormone sensitive lipase?

Back 19

An enzyme that is responsible for the hydrolysis of fatty acids and glycerol
-You want this!! (Hormone..Hydrolysis)

Front 20

Pears vs Apples in regards to LPL

Back 20

Pears have high LPL energy in hips
Apples have high LPL energy in stomach

Front 21

What are 3 factors that regulate energy intake?

Back 21

-Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): increase in energy expenditure associated w/ digestion, absorption and metabolism of food
-Metabolic Rate
-Exercise

Front 22

What is the Thermic Effect of Food?

Back 22

The energy required to digest, absorb, metabolize and store the nutrients contained in food sthat are consumed and to elimate the resulsting by-products and wastes
-Accounts for 10% of the 24-hr energy expenditure

Front 23

What are some short and long term controls of weight?

Back 23

Genetics affect BW!
Appetite, taste preferences, satiety, REE, TEF, nonexercise activity thermogenesis, efficiency in en storage
Set Point Theory
Hypothalamus

Front 24

How the the hypothalamus active in weight control?

Back 24

-Controls satiety and appetite; regulates food intake
-Controls homeostasis

Front 25

What happens if there is damage to the hypothalamus?

Back 25

-Inhibits FI in the satiety center (causes hyperphagia and weight gain)
-Stimulates FI in the feeding center (causes aphagia and weight loss)
-Both centers are regulated by hormones and neurochemicals

Front 26

What are 7 neurochemicals affecting FI and weight?

Back 26

1. Norepinephrine
2. Dopamine
---Suppress food intake---
3. Epinephrine
---Decreased in fasting, stimulates us of AT for energy---
4. Serotonin
---Decreased levels associated w/ increased intake of CHO---
5. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)
---Increased during intense exercise, suppresses FI, associated with activity based anorexia---
6. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
---Promotes FI---
7. Peptide YY (PYY)
---Secreted by small & large intestinal cells, inhibits FI via interaction with NPY---

Front 27

Hormones associated with obesity?

Back 27

Leptin, Adiponectin, Ghrelin, Insulin, Thyroid hormones

Front 28

Leptin

Back 28

Obese hormone
Secreted by adipose tissue to regulate en balance
[ ] proportional to fat mass
Inhibits FI by interaction with NPY

Front 29

Adiponectin

Back 29

Secreted by adipose tissue to regulate en balance
[ ] proportional to fat mass
Increases as body fat decreases

Front 30

Ghrelin

Back 30

Secreted by stomach cells
Stimulate FI via interaction with NPY (inc NPY)

Front 31

Insluin in obesity

Back 31

ANABOLIC
Involved in synthesis and storage of fat
Impaired insulin activity impairgs thermogenesis
Greater insulin resistence, lower TEF

Front 32

Theyroud hormones in obesity

Back 32

Decrease in thyroud hormones decrease adaptive thermogenesis
Hyperthyroud, high BMR,
indirectly appetite influence

Front 33

Gut peptides in obesity

Back 33

Have an immediate effect on satiety
-CCK - cholecystokinin (physical expansion secretes CCK that says you're full and stop eating)
-Bombesin - reduces FI and enhances release of CCK

Front 34

Medical Conditions known to cause obesity

Back 34

Prader-Willi syndrome,
PCOS (insulin resistance, inc estrogen)
Cushing's syndrom (hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of body's tissues to high levels of cortisol...body produced too much cortisol = moon face)

Front 35

Environmental factors of obesity

Back 35

Low levels of physical activity (automobiles)
Food habits (social/media pressure)
Physological trauma (physical or mental abuse or stress)
Drugs (Phyciatric and steroids)