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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encephalocele |
Protrusion of the brain through a cranial fissure |
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Anencephaly |
Neural tube defect where absence of the brain, including the cerebrum, the cerebellum and basal ganglia may be present |
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Holoprosencephaly |
Failure of fore-brain to divide into two hemispheres, resulting in a single large ventricle with varying amounts of cerebral amounts of cortex |
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Hydrocephaly |
Abnormal build-up of fluid in the lateral ventricles greater than 15 mm |
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Agenesis of the Corpus Collosum |
Findings include: tear drop ventricles, enlargement and upward displacement of the third ventricle |
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Pyelectasis |
Mild dilation of the renal pelvis |
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Infantile polycystic kidney disease |
Autosomal recessive disease that affects the fetal kidneys and liver; kidneys are enlarged and echogenic |
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Renal agenesis |
Renal system fails to develop |
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Omphalocele |
Congenital anterior abdominal wall defect in which the adominal organs are atypically located within the umbilical cord |
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Gastroschisis |
Congenital defective opening in the wall of the abdomen just to the right of the umbilical cord; bowel and other organs may protrude outside the abdomen from this opening |
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Limb body wall complex |
Complex set of abnormalities caused by failure of the anterior abdominal wall to close, findings include complete absence of umbilical cord, severe scoliosis and lower limb abnormalities
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Ectopia Cordis |
Congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located either partially or totally outside of the thorax
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Cystic Hygroma |
Dilation of jugular lymph sacs because of improper drainage of the lymphatic system into the venous system |
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Multicystic dysplastic kidney |
Multiple cyst replace normal renal tissue throughout the kidney usually causing obstruction |
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Unilateral cleft lip/palate |
Failure of fusion of the maxilla and nasal process on one side |
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Midline Cleft |
Incomplete merging of the median nasal prominences which form the inter-maxillary segment
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Duodenal atresia |
Partial or complete blockage of the pyloric sphincter |
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Esophogeal atresia |
Congenital hypoplasia of the esophagus , usually associated with a tracheoesophageal fistula |
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T-E Fistula |
GI disorder in which there is a communication between trachea and the esophagus |
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Polyhydramnios |
Excessive amounts of amniotic fluid |
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Oligohydramnios |
Insufficient amount of amniotic fluid |
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PROM |
leaking or breaking of the amniotic membranes causing the loss of amniotic fluid, which may lead to premature delivery or infection |
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Amniocentesis |
Transabdominal removal of amniotic fluid from the amniotic fluid; amniotic fluid studies are performed to determined fetal karyotype |
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Cerclage |
Suturing of the ligatures around the cervix uteri to treat incompetence during pregnancy |
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Chorionic Villus Sampling |
Invasive diagnostic genetic testing that involves sampling zygotic cells from developing placental tissue |
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Nuchal Translucency |
A collection of fluid that extends behind the fetal neckand along the spine in the first trimester |
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Nuchal Fold |
The thickness of the fetal skin at the back of the fetal neck that may be visualized and measured between 16 and 20 weeks gestational age to asses aneuploidy risk |
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Strawberry skull |
Soft marker for trisomy 18
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Meningomyelocele |
Open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac
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Meningocele
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Open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of the spinal meninges |
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Dandy walker malformation |
Consists of the splaying of the cerebellar vermis, communication with the 4th ventricle, increased cisterna magna, and ventriculomegaly |
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Talipomanus |
Club hand |
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Talipes equinovarius |
Club foot |
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VATERS / VACTERL |
Vertebral abnormalities, anal rectal, T-E fistula, renal, single umbilical artery, cardiovascular, limb abnormalities |
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Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome |
underdevelopment of the left ventricle with aortic or mitral atresia; left ventricle thickened compared to right ventricle |
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Tetralogy of Fallot |
A congenital anomaly consisting of 4 defects: Membranous VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary stenosis |
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Transposition of great vessels |
The pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle an the aorta arises from the right ventricle |
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VSD |
defect in the ventricular septum that provides communication between the right and left chambers of the heart |
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Yolk sac |
It transfers nutrients, hematopoiesis, forms the digestive tract, and assist in the development of the sex glands |
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5 Weeks |
The earliest the secondary yolk sac can be identified |
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2 mm |
The earliest in length (mm) an embryo can be detected |
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Between Chorion and amnion |
Location of secondary yolk sac |
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1mm |
The rate at which the embryo and GS grows per day |
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anembryonic pregnancy |
another name for blighted ovum |
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Ampulla |
Fertilization occurs in the .......... |
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Pain, bleeding, adnexal mass |
The most common patient presentation of an ectopic pregnancy |
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Cornua of uterus |
The location of greatest risk for morbidity and mortality in an ectopic pregnancy |
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Decidua Basalis |
Maternal component of the decidual endometrium |
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Posterior Transaxial |
The most important view of the spine to rule out neural tube defects |
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Heart orientation |
45 degrees axis to the left of the chest |
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Left atrium |
Location of the foramen ovale |
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25 min |
The fetal bladder should change every ...... |
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14 weeks |
The stomach should be noted consistently by ... |
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0.71-0.80 |
Normal RI of umbilical doppler |
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Accreta |
Abnormal placenta attachment to the uterus |
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CRL |
Best measurement for GA in the first trimester |
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CI |
Validates the reliability of the biparietal diameter |
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Down Syndrome |
Associated with a decreased MSAFP |
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Duodenal Atresia |
Associated with "double bubble" sign |
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Turners Syndrome |
The chromosomal abnormality that cystic hygromas are most often found |
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Placental location, cervical length, compound presentaion |
Reasons for a transvaginal order |
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Rhizomelia |
Shortening of proximal limbs |
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Mesomelia |
Shortening of the middle portion of the limbs |
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micromelia |
shortening of all portions of the limbs |
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acromelia |
shortening of the hand and foot bones |
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Thanatophoric |
The most common short limb syndrome |
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Frontal bossing and trident hand
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The common findings for Heterozygous Achondroplasia |
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Isolated cleft lip/palate |
The most common congenital facial anomaly |
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18-24 weeks |
the optimal time for imaging cardiac structures |
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Vein of Galen aneurysm |
A cranial finding that can cause congestive failure and hydrops |
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Macrosomia |
Fetus weighing over 4,000 g |
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LGA |
Fetus over 90% for gestational age |
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Shoulder dystocia, increased prenatal mortality, prolonged labor |
Risks for Macrosomic fetus |
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IDDM, GDM |
Macrosomic fetus are associated with...... |
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IUGR |
Fetus with EFW under 10% |
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Brain sparing |
An increased HC/AC can suggest |
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16 weeks |
The fetus begins to primarily produce amniotic fluid at ........... |
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33 weeks |
The amniotic fluid volume peaks at ...... |
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2-3 days |
How long after a fetal demise does scalp edema begin to form |
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Decrease |
As the pregnancy increases the S/D ratio will....
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Lemon sign |
The appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect |
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Banana sign |
The appearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect |
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Low lying placenta |
The placenta edge is less than 2 cm from the internal os |
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Ventriculomegaly |
The lateral ventrical measures greater than 10mm |
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Aqueductal stenosis |
The most common type of obstruction causing ventriculomegaly |
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Less than 10mm |
Normal measurement of cisterna magna |
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Holoprosencephaly |
The most common cause for hypotelorism |
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Trisomy 13 |
The most chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly |
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Beckwith-Wiedimann dyndrome |
The most common cause of macroglossia |
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Unilateral cleft lip/palate |
The most common type of cleft lip/palate |
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Holoprosencephaly |
A midline cleft lip is strongly associated with .... |
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18 weeks |
Agenesis of the corpus callosum can be diagnosed by ....... |
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Teardrop ventricles |
Sonographic finding that can be seen in 90% of agenesis of the corpus callosum cases
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Trisomy 18 |
Choroid plexus cysts have a strong association with.... |
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Brachycephaly |
Indication for the CI = less than 85 |
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Lymphatic fluid |
Fluid within a cystic hygroma |
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Obstruction of the lymph system at the level of the jugular vein |
Cystic hygromas are caused by.... |
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Turners Syndrome |
Cystic hygromas are associated with... |
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Foramen Ovale |
Fetal shunt between the left and right atria |
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Ductus arteriosus |
Fetal Shunt connecting the transverse aortic trunk and the main pulmonary trunk |
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Arnold-Chiari Malformation |
The downward displacement of the cerebellar vermis, the fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata though the foramen magna |
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Microcephaly |
Large encephaloceles may be associated with... |
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14 weeks |
Anencephaly can be detected by.... |
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Acrania |
Abnormal brain tissue with absent calvarium and the first stage of anencephaly before prolonged exposure to amniotic fluid |
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13 weeks |
CRL is appropriate dating masurement until .... |
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16 weeks |
The chorion and amnion should be fused by ... |
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Wharten's Jelly |
The vessels of the umbilical cord are protected by.. |
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Allantonic cyst |
A cyst in the umbilical cord |
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Valamentous cord insertion |
The umbilical cord inserting in the membranes and coursing to the placenta |
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atrial/VSD |
The most common cardiac defect |
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AV canal defect |
The most cardiac defect associated with trisomy 21 |
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CCAM |
The most frequently identified chest mass |
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Trisomy 18 |
Espohageal atrasia is strongly associated with... |
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Trisomy 21 |
Duodenal atrasia is strongly associated with... |
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11 weeks |
The normal physiological herniation of bowel into the umbilical cord is complete by... |
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Potters facies |
Flattened facial features caused by lack of amniotic fluid in PUV syndrome |
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Pulmonary hypoplasia |
The primary cause of death in posterior urethral valve outlet syndrome |
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Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma |
A rare renal tumor that is large, solid and highly vascular |
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Neuroblastoma |
A malignant adrenal gland tumor that appears as an echogenic, heterogeneous mass |
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Wilms tumor |
A congenital mesoblastic nephroma |
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Postaxial polydactyl |
An extra digit on the ulnar aspect of the fetal hand |
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Preaxial polydactyl |
an extra digit on the radial aspect of the fetal hand |
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Concordant growth in twins |
Less than 20% difference in EFW between the twins |
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Frank breech |
When buttocks descends first, then thighs and legs are extended upward along the anterior fetal trunk |
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Complete Breech |
When buttocks descending first, knees are flexed, baby sitting crossed legged |
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Footling Breech |
When one or both feet are prolapsed into the lower uterine segment |
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IUGR |
Maternal hypertension can cause..... |
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The fetal component of the placenta |
The chorion frondosum develops to become... |
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Chicken pox |
Varicella-zoster virus |
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Cystomegalovirus |
The most common intrauterine viral infection
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"slapped cheek" disease |
parvovirous is also known as.. |
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Paramesonephric Cyst |
The hydatid of Morgagni is.. |
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Umbilical Vein Verix |
A cystic structure just inside the fetal abdomen which tends to be slightly inferior to the cord insertion, and shows turbulent flow on color Doppler imaging |
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Max peak velocity/ Systolic |
The most common quantitative type of measurement used in Doppler |
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Increases |
As pregnancy progresses the diastolic flow in the umbilical artery ........ |
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Craniosynostosis |
Premature closure of sutures |
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Spina Bifida |
The most common neural Tube Defect |
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Lumbo-sacral region |
The most common site for spina bifida |
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Sirenomelia |
Contains the absence of sacrum, fusion of legs, anorectal atresia, dysgenesis or agenesis CHD, oligohydraminos |
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Caudal Regression |
Contains sacral agenesis, possible lumbar spine agenesis and the femur my be hypoplastic. There my be heart abnormalities, GI abnormalities and renal abnormalities |
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Kyphosis |
Exaggerated curvature curvature of the spine |
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Scholiosis |
Lateral curvature of the spine |
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Pulmonary Hypoplasia |
Failure of one or both lungs |
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Pulmonary Sequestration |
Normal pulmonic tissue with no connection to the bronchial tree and generally supplied with blood from an artery arising from the aorta |
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Hydrops |
Serous fluid collection in more than one body cavity |
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Immune Hydrops |
Type of hydrops that results when the mother's immune system causes breakdown of red blood cells in the fetus |
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Rhogam |
To reduce the probability of immune hydrops mom that are Rh Negative are given ...... |
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Mirror Syndrome |
When the mother presents with symptoms such as edema and pre-eclampsia |
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Levocardia |
Term that describes the normal position of the heart |
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Mesocardia |
The heart is located centrally in the chest |
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Dextrocardia |
Heart is in the right chest with apex pointing to the right |
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Dextroposition |
Heart maintains normal axis but is displaced to the right by an external process |
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Rhabdomyomas |
The most common cardiac tumor |
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Premature cardiac atrial contraction |
The most common cardiac arrhythmia |
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120-160bpm |
Normal fetal heart rate in the 2nd and 3rd trimester |
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Total situs inversus |
Reversal of both abdominal and thoracic viscera |
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Pentalogy of Cantrell |
Midline anterior wall defect usually involving the upper abdomen and is a constellation of defects of chest, sternum, diaphragm and abdominal wall |
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Beckwith Weidemann Syndrome |
Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by gigantism, macroglossia, pancreatic hyperplasia
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Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction |
The most common cause for hydronephrosis |
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Posterior Urethral Valves |
The most common lower obstruction seen exclusively in males |
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Dilated proximal urethra "key hole sign" |
Sonographic finding of Posterior urethral valves |
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Vesicocentesis |
A proceedure in which aspirates fluid from the urinary bladder |
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Meckel Gruber Syndrome |
Autosomal recessive disease that has polycystic kidneys, emphalocele, post-axial polydactyly |
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) |
A group of collagen disorders that result in brittle bones and multiple fractures |
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Type II |
The most lethal type of OI is....... |
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Trisomy |
An extra chromosome |
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Monosomy |
A missing chromosome |
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Triploidy |
A full extra set of chromosomes |
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Trisomy 21 |
Thickened nuchal fold/ nuchal translucency, shortened bones, congenital heart defects, pylecetasis, absent nasal bone are sonographic findings of this chromosomal abnormality |
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Trisomy 18 |
Choroid plexus cyst, congenital heart defect, IUGR, abnormal hands and feet are common findings of this chromosomal abnormality |
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Trisomy 13 |
Holoprosencephaly, Cleft lip/palate, cardiac malformation, polydactyly, cystic renal dysplasia, microcephaly are common sonographic finding of this chromosomal abnormality |
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45x |
Cystic hygroma, non-immune hydrops, congenital heart defect, horseshoe kidney and short bones are common sonographic findings of this chromosomal abnormality |
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Klineflters syndrome |
A chromosome in which a male is born with an extra set of chromosomes |
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less than 10mm |
The normal measurement of the cisterna magna should measure .......... |
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5 mm or less |
The normal measurement of the nuchal fold should measure ................ |
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Paternal |
A triploidy abnomality was discovered sonographically a molar placenta was found with no fetal development, was this paternal or maternal |
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maternal |
A triploidy abnomality was discovered sonographically a normal placenta, and a fetus with sever asymetrical IUGR and multiple other abnomalities are discovered, was this paternal or maternal |
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38 weeks |
Twins are considered to be at full term by the gestational age of...... |
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Monochorionic |
TTTS are found in these kinds of twins |