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179 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Encephalocele

Protrusion of the brain through a cranial fissure

Anencephaly

Neural tube defect where absence of the brain, including the cerebrum, the cerebellum and basal ganglia may be present

Holoprosencephaly

Failure of fore-brain to divide into two hemispheres, resulting in a single large ventricle with varying amounts of cerebral amounts of cortex

Hydrocephaly

Abnormal build-up of fluid in the lateral ventricles greater than 15 mm

Agenesis of the Corpus Collosum

Findings include: tear drop ventricles, enlargement and upward displacement of the third ventricle

Pyelectasis

Mild dilation of the renal pelvis

Infantile polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive disease that affects the fetal kidneys and liver; kidneys are enlarged and echogenic

Renal agenesis

Renal system fails to develop

Omphalocele

Congenital anterior abdominal wall defect in which the adominal organs are atypically located within the umbilical cord

Gastroschisis

Congenital defective opening in the wall of the abdomen just to the right of the umbilical cord; bowel and other organs may protrude outside the abdomen from this opening

Limb body wall complex

Complex set of abnormalities caused by failure of the anterior abdominal wall to close, findings include complete absence of umbilical cord, severe scoliosis and lower limb abnormalities

Ectopia Cordis

Congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located either partially or totally outside of the thorax

Cystic Hygroma

Dilation of jugular lymph sacs because of improper drainage of the lymphatic system into the venous system

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Multiple cyst replace normal renal tissue throughout the kidney usually causing obstruction

Unilateral cleft lip/palate

Failure of fusion of the maxilla and nasal process on one side

Midline Cleft

Incomplete merging of the median nasal prominences which form the inter-maxillary segment

Duodenal atresia

Partial or complete blockage of the pyloric sphincter

Esophogeal atresia

Congenital hypoplasia of the esophagus , usually associated with a tracheoesophageal fistula

T-E Fistula

GI disorder in which there is a communication between trachea and the esophagus

Polyhydramnios

Excessive amounts of amniotic fluid

Oligohydramnios

Insufficient amount of amniotic fluid

PROM

leaking or breaking of the amniotic membranes causing the loss of amniotic fluid, which may lead to premature delivery or infection

Amniocentesis

Transabdominal removal of amniotic fluid from the amniotic fluid; amniotic fluid studies are performed to determined fetal karyotype

Cerclage

Suturing of the ligatures around the cervix uteri to treat incompetence during pregnancy

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Invasive diagnostic genetic testing that involves sampling zygotic cells from developing placental tissue

Nuchal Translucency

A collection of fluid that extends behind the fetal neckand along the spine in the first trimester

Nuchal Fold

The thickness of the fetal skin at the back of the fetal neck that may be visualized and measured between 16 and 20 weeks gestational age to asses aneuploidy risk

Strawberry skull

Soft marker for trisomy 18

Meningomyelocele

Open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac
Meningocele


Open spinal defect characterized by protrusion of the spinal meninges

Dandy walker malformation

Consists of the splaying of the cerebellar vermis, communication with the 4th ventricle, increased cisterna magna, and ventriculomegaly

Talipomanus

Club hand

Talipes equinovarius

Club foot

VATERS / VACTERL

Vertebral abnormalities, anal rectal, T-E fistula, renal, single umbilical artery, cardiovascular, limb abnormalities

Hypoplastic Left Heart syndrome

underdevelopment of the left ventricle with aortic or mitral atresia; left ventricle thickened compared to right ventricle

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital anomaly consisting of 4 defects: Membranous VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary stenosis

Transposition of great vessels

The pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle an the aorta arises from the right ventricle

VSD

defect in the ventricular septum that provides communication between the right and left chambers of the heart

Yolk sac

It transfers nutrients, hematopoiesis, forms the digestive tract, and assist in the development of the sex glands

5 Weeks

The earliest the secondary yolk sac can be identified

2 mm

The earliest in length (mm) an embryo can be detected

Between Chorion and amnion

Location of secondary yolk sac

1mm

The rate at which the embryo and GS grows per day

anembryonic pregnancy

another name for blighted ovum

Ampulla

Fertilization occurs in the ..........

Pain, bleeding, adnexal mass

The most common patient presentation of an ectopic pregnancy

Cornua of uterus

The location of greatest risk for morbidity and mortality in an ectopic pregnancy

Decidua Basalis

Maternal component of the decidual endometrium

Posterior Transaxial

The most important view of the spine to rule out neural tube defects

Heart orientation

45 degrees axis to the left of the chest

Left atrium

Location of the foramen ovale

25 min

The fetal bladder should change every ......

14 weeks

The stomach should be noted consistently by ...

0.71-0.80

Normal RI of umbilical doppler

Accreta

Abnormal placenta attachment to the uterus

CRL

Best measurement for GA in the first trimester

CI

Validates the reliability of the biparietal diameter

Down Syndrome

Associated with a decreased MSAFP

Duodenal Atresia

Associated with "double bubble" sign

Turners Syndrome

The chromosomal abnormality that cystic hygromas are most often found

Placental location, cervical length, compound presentaion

Reasons for a transvaginal order

Rhizomelia

Shortening of proximal limbs

Mesomelia

Shortening of the middle portion of the limbs

micromelia

shortening of all portions of the limbs

acromelia

shortening of the hand and foot bones

Thanatophoric

The most common short limb syndrome

Frontal bossing and trident hand

The common findings for Heterozygous Achondroplasia

Isolated cleft lip/palate

The most common congenital facial anomaly

18-24 weeks

the optimal time for imaging cardiac structures

Vein of Galen aneurysm

A cranial finding that can cause congestive failure and hydrops

Macrosomia

Fetus weighing over 4,000 g

LGA

Fetus over 90% for gestational age

Shoulder dystocia, increased prenatal mortality, prolonged labor

Risks for Macrosomic fetus

IDDM, GDM

Macrosomic fetus are associated with......

IUGR

Fetus with EFW under 10%

Brain sparing

An increased HC/AC can suggest

16 weeks

The fetus begins to primarily produce amniotic fluid at ...........

33 weeks

The amniotic fluid volume peaks at ......

2-3 days

How long after a fetal demise does scalp edema begin to form

Decrease

As the pregnancy increases the S/D ratio will....

Lemon sign

The appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect

Banana sign

The appearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect

Low lying placenta

The placenta edge is less than 2 cm from the internal os

Ventriculomegaly

The lateral ventrical measures greater than 10mm

Aqueductal stenosis

The most common type of obstruction causing ventriculomegaly

Less than 10mm


Normal measurement of cisterna magna

Holoprosencephaly

The most common cause for hypotelorism

Trisomy 13

The most chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly

Beckwith-Wiedimann dyndrome

The most common cause of macroglossia

Unilateral cleft lip/palate

The most common type of cleft lip/palate

Holoprosencephaly

A midline cleft lip is strongly associated with ....

18 weeks

Agenesis of the corpus callosum can be diagnosed by .......

Teardrop ventricles

Sonographic finding that can be seen in 90% of agenesis of the corpus callosum cases

Trisomy 18

Choroid plexus cysts have a strong association with....

Brachycephaly

Indication for the CI = less than 85

Lymphatic fluid

Fluid within a cystic hygroma

Obstruction of the lymph system at the level of the jugular vein

Cystic hygromas are caused by....

Turners Syndrome

Cystic hygromas are associated with...

Foramen Ovale

Fetal shunt between the left and right atria

Ductus arteriosus

Fetal Shunt connecting the transverse aortic trunk and the main pulmonary trunk

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

The downward displacement of the cerebellar vermis, the fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata though the foramen magna

Microcephaly

Large encephaloceles may be associated with...

14 weeks

Anencephaly can be detected by....

Acrania

Abnormal brain tissue with absent calvarium and the first stage of anencephaly before prolonged exposure to amniotic fluid

13 weeks

CRL is appropriate dating masurement until ....

16 weeks

The chorion and amnion should be fused by ...

Wharten's Jelly

The vessels of the umbilical cord are protected by..

Allantonic cyst

A cyst in the umbilical cord

Valamentous cord insertion

The umbilical cord inserting in the membranes and coursing to the placenta

atrial/VSD

The most common cardiac defect

AV canal defect

The most cardiac defect associated with trisomy 21

CCAM

The most frequently identified chest mass

Trisomy 18

Espohageal atrasia is strongly associated with...

Trisomy 21

Duodenal atrasia is strongly associated with...

11 weeks

The normal physiological herniation of bowel into the umbilical cord is complete by...

Potters facies

Flattened facial features caused by lack of amniotic fluid in PUV syndrome

Pulmonary hypoplasia

The primary cause of death in posterior urethral valve outlet syndrome

Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma

A rare renal tumor that is large, solid and highly vascular

Neuroblastoma

A malignant adrenal gland tumor that appears as an echogenic, heterogeneous mass

Wilms tumor

A congenital mesoblastic nephroma

Postaxial polydactyl

An extra digit on the ulnar aspect of the fetal hand

Preaxial polydactyl

an extra digit on the radial aspect of the fetal hand

Concordant growth in twins

Less than 20% difference in EFW between the twins

Frank breech

When buttocks descends first, then thighs and legs are extended upward along the anterior fetal trunk

Complete Breech

When buttocks descending first, knees are flexed, baby sitting crossed legged

Footling Breech

When one or both feet are prolapsed into the lower uterine segment

IUGR

Maternal hypertension can cause.....

The fetal component of the placenta

The chorion frondosum develops to become...

Chicken pox

Varicella-zoster virus

Cystomegalovirus

The most common intrauterine viral infection

"slapped cheek" disease

parvovirous is also known as..

Paramesonephric Cyst

The hydatid of Morgagni is..

Umbilical Vein Verix

A cystic structure just inside the fetal abdomen which tends to be slightly inferior to the cord insertion, and shows turbulent flow on color Doppler imaging

Max peak velocity/ Systolic

The most common quantitative type of measurement used in Doppler

Increases

As pregnancy progresses the diastolic flow in the umbilical artery ........

Craniosynostosis

Premature closure of sutures

Spina Bifida

The most common neural Tube Defect

Lumbo-sacral region

The most common site for spina bifida

Sirenomelia

Contains the absence of sacrum, fusion of legs, anorectal atresia, dysgenesis or agenesis CHD, oligohydraminos

Caudal Regression

Contains sacral agenesis, possible lumbar spine agenesis and the femur my be hypoplastic. There my be heart abnormalities, GI abnormalities and renal abnormalities

Kyphosis

Exaggerated curvature curvature of the spine

Scholiosis

Lateral curvature of the spine

Pulmonary Hypoplasia

Failure of one or both lungs

Pulmonary Sequestration

Normal pulmonic tissue with no connection to the bronchial tree and generally supplied with blood from an artery arising from the aorta

Hydrops

Serous fluid collection in more than one body cavity

Immune Hydrops

Type of hydrops that results when the mother's immune system causes breakdown of red blood cells in the fetus

Rhogam

To reduce the probability of immune hydrops mom that are Rh Negative are given ......

Mirror Syndrome

When the mother presents with symptoms such as edema and pre-eclampsia

Levocardia

Term that describes the normal position of the heart

Mesocardia

The heart is located centrally in the chest

Dextrocardia

Heart is in the right chest with apex pointing to the right

Dextroposition

Heart maintains normal axis but is displaced to the right by an external process

Rhabdomyomas

The most common cardiac tumor

Premature cardiac atrial contraction

The most common cardiac arrhythmia

120-160bpm

Normal fetal heart rate in the 2nd and 3rd trimester

Total situs inversus

Reversal of both abdominal and thoracic viscera

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Midline anterior wall defect usually involving the upper abdomen and is a constellation of defects of chest, sternum, diaphragm and abdominal wall

Beckwith Weidemann Syndrome

Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by gigantism, macroglossia, pancreatic hyperplasia


Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

The most common cause for hydronephrosis

Posterior Urethral Valves

The most common lower obstruction seen exclusively in males

Dilated proximal urethra "key hole sign"

Sonographic finding of Posterior urethral valves

Vesicocentesis

A proceedure in which aspirates fluid from the urinary bladder

Meckel Gruber Syndrome

Autosomal recessive disease that has polycystic kidneys, emphalocele, post-axial polydactyly

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

A group of collagen disorders that result in brittle bones and multiple fractures

Type II

The most lethal type of OI is.......

Trisomy

An extra chromosome

Monosomy

A missing chromosome

Triploidy

A full extra set of chromosomes

Trisomy 21

Thickened nuchal fold/ nuchal translucency, shortened bones, congenital heart defects, pylecetasis, absent nasal bone are sonographic findings of this chromosomal abnormality

Trisomy 18

Choroid plexus cyst, congenital heart defect, IUGR, abnormal hands and feet are common findings of this chromosomal abnormality

Trisomy 13

Holoprosencephaly, Cleft lip/palate, cardiac malformation, polydactyly, cystic renal dysplasia, microcephaly are common sonographic finding of this chromosomal abnormality

45x

Cystic hygroma, non-immune hydrops, congenital heart defect, horseshoe kidney and short bones are common sonographic findings of this chromosomal abnormality

Klineflters syndrome

A chromosome in which a male is born with an extra set of chromosomes

less than 10mm

The normal measurement of the cisterna magna should measure ..........

5 mm or less

The normal measurement of the nuchal fold should measure ................

Paternal

A triploidy abnomality was discovered sonographically a molar placenta was found with no fetal development, was this paternal or maternal

maternal

A triploidy abnomality was discovered sonographically a normal placenta, and a fetus with sever asymetrical IUGR and multiple other abnomalities are discovered, was this paternal or maternal

38 weeks

Twins are considered to be at full term by the gestational age of......

Monochorionic

TTTS are found in these kinds of twins