Ob Exam 2

Front 1

acrocyanosis

Back 1

peripheral cyanosis: blue color of hands and feet in most infants at birth that may persist for 7-10 days

Front 2

brown fat

Back 2

source of heat unique to neonates that in capable of greater thermogenic activity than ordinary fat; deposits are found around the adrenals, kidneys and neck,between the scapulae and behind the sternum for several weeks after birth

Front 3

caput succedaneum

Back 3

swelling of the tissue over the presenting part of the fetal head and caused by pressure during labor

Front 4

cephalhematoma

Back 4

extravasation of blood from ruptured vessels between a skull bone and its external covering, the periosteum; swelling is limited by the margins of the cranial bone affected (usually parietals)

Front 5

cold stress

Back 5

excessive loss of heat that results in increased respirations and non shivering thermogenisis to maintain core body temperature

Front 6

erythema toxicum

Back 6

innocuous pink popular neonatal rash of unknown cause, with superimposed vesicles appearing within 24 to 48 hours after birth and resolving spontaneously within a few days

Front 7

Habituation

Back 7

psychologic and physiologic phenomenon whereby the response to a constant or repetitive stimulus is decreased

Front 8

hyperbilirubinemia

Back 8

elevation of unconjugated serum bilirubin concentrations

Front 9

meconium

Back 9

greenish black, viscous first stool formed during fetal life from the amniotic fluid and its constituents, intestinal secretions (including bilirubin) and cells (shed from the mucosa)

Front 10

milia

Back 10

small white sebaceous glands, appearing as tiny white pinpoint papules on the forehead, nose, cheeks and chin of the neonate

Front 11

mongolian spots

Back 11

bluish gray or dark nonelevated pigmented areas usually found over the lower back and buttocks present at birth in some infants, primarily nonwhite; usually fade by school age

Front 12

physiologica jaundice

Back 12

yellow tinge to skin and mucous membranes in response to increased serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin; not usually apparent until after 24 hours; also called neonatal jaundice, physiologic hyperbilirubinemia

Front 13

sleep-wake states

Back 13

variation in states of newborn consciousness from deep sleep to extreme irritability

Front 14

surfactant

Back 14

phosphoprotein necessary for normal respiratory function that prevents alveolar collapse (atelectasis)

Front 15

thermogenesis

Back 15

creation or production of heat, especially in the body

Front 16

thermoregulation

Back 16

control of temperature; a balance between heat loss and heat production

Front 17

transition period

Back 17

period from birth to 4 to 6 hours later; infant passes through period of reactivity, sleep, and second period of reactivity

Front 18

vernix caseosa

Back 18

protective gray-white fatty substance of cheesy consistency covering the fetal skin

Front 19

apgar score

Back 19

numeric expression of the condition of a newborn obtained by rapid assessment at 1 and 5 minutes of age; developed by virginia apgar

Front 20

circumcision

Back 20

excision of the prepuse (foreskin) of the penis, exposing the glans

Front 21

hypothermia

Back 21

temperature that falls below normal range, that is, below 35 degrees celsius, usually caused by exposure to cold

Front 22

ophthalmia neonatorum

Back 22

infection in the neonate's eyes uaully resulting from gonorrheal, chlamydial, or other infection contracted when the fetus passes through the birth canal (vagina)

Front 23

phototherapy

Back 23

use of lights to reduce serum bilirubin levels by oxidation of bilirubin into water-soluble compounds that are processed in the liver and excreted in bile and urine

Front 24

colostrum

Back 24

the fluid in the breast from pregnancy in to the early postpartal period; rich in antibodis, which provide protection from many diseases; high in protein, which binds bilirubin; and laxative acting, which speeds the elimination of meconium and helps loosen mucous

Front 25

demand feeding

Back 25

feeding a newborn when feeding cues are exhibited by the baby, indicating that hunger is present

Front 26

engorgement

Back 26

swelling of breast tissue brought about by an increase in blood and lymph supply to the breast, which precedes true lactation; lasts approximately 48 hours and usually reaches a peak between the third and fifth postbirth days

Front 27

feeding-readiness cues

Back 27

infant responses (mouthing motions, sucking fist, awakening, and crying) that indicate optimal times to begin a feeding

Front 28

growth spurts

Back 28

time of increased neonatal growth that usually occur at approsimately 6 to 10 days, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 4 to 5 months; increased caloric needs necessitate more frequent feedings to increase the amount of milk produced

Front 29

inverted nipples

Back 29

nipples invert rather than evert when stimulated; interferes with latch-on

Front 30

lactation consultant

Back 30

health care professionals who has specialized training in breast feeding

Front 31

lactogensis

Back 31

beginning of milk production

Front 32

latch-on

Back 32

attachment of the infant to the breast for feeding

Front 33

let down reflex

Back 33

release of milk caused by the contraction of the myoepithelial cells within the milk glands in response to oxytocin; also called milk ejection reflex (MER)

Front 34

mastitis

Back 34

infection in a breast, usually confined to a milk duct, characterized by influenza like symptoms and redness and tenderness in the affected breast

Front 35

nipple confusion

Back 35

difficulty experienced by some infants in mastering breastfeeding after having been given a pacifier or bottle

Front 36

plugged milk ducts

Back 36

milk ducts blocked by small curds of dried milk

Front 37

rooting reflex

Back 37

normal reponse of the newborn to move toward whatever touches the area around the mouth and to attempt to suck; usually disappears by 3 to 4 months of age

Front 38

supply meets demand system

Back 38

physiologic basis for determining milk production; the volume of milk produced equals the amount removed from the breast

Front 39

barotrauma

Back 39

physical injury resulting from changing air pressure; often associated with ventilator assistance in preterm infants

Front 40

chronic lung disease: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

Back 40

pulmonary condition affecting preterm infants who have experienced respiratory failure and have been oxygen dependent for mroe than 28 days

Front 41

continuous positive airway pressure

Back 41

means of infusing oxygen or air under a preset pressure via nasal prongs, a face mask, or an endotracheal tube

Front 42

corrected age

Back 42

taking into account the gestational age and postnatal age of a preterm infant when determining expectations for development

Front 43

developmentally appropriate care

Back 43

care that takes into consideration the gestational age and conditions of the infant and promotes the development of the infant

Front 44

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Back 44

oxygenation of blood external to body using cardiopulmonary bypass and a membrane oxygenator; used primariy for newborns with refactory respiratory failure or meconium aspiration syndrome

Front 45

insensible water loss

Back 45

evaporative water loss that occurs mainly through the skin and respiratory tract

Front 46

kangaroo care

Back 46

skin-to skin infant care, especially for preterm infants, that provides warmth to infant; infant is placed naked or diapered against mother's or father's bare chest and is covered with parent's shirt or a warm blanket

Front 47

mechanical ventilation

Back 47

technique used to provide predetermined amount of oxygen; requires intubation

Front 48

meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)

Back 48

function of fetal hypoxia; with hypoxia, the anal sphincter relaxes and meconium is released; reflex gasping movements draw meconium and other particulate matter inthe amniotic fluid into the infant's bronchial tree, obstructing the airflow after birth

Front 49

necrotizing enterocolitis

Back 49

acute inflammatory bowel disorder that occurs primarily in preterm or LBW neonates;characterized by ischemic necrosis (death) of the gastrointestinal mucosa, which may lead to perforation and peritonitis; formula-fed infants are at higher risk for this disease

Front 50

neutral thermal environment (NTE)

Back 50

environment that enables the neonate to maintain a normal body temperature within minimum use of oxygen and energy

Front 51

nonutritive sucking

Back 51

use of a pacifier by infants

Front 52

patent ductus aretiosus (PDA)

Back 52

failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth

Front 53

periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage (PV_IVH_

Back 53

hemorrhage into the ventricles of the brain; a common type of brain injury in preterm infants; prognosis depends on the severity of hemorrhage

Front 54

respiratory distress syndrome

Back 54

condition resulting from decreased pulmonary gas exchange

Front 55

ABO incompatibility

Back 55

hemolytic disease that occurs when the mother's blood type is O and the newborns is A, B or AB

Front 56

alcohol related birth defects

Back 56

congenital abnormality or anomaly resulting from excessive maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy; characterized by typical craniofacial and limb defects, cardiovascular defects, intrauterine growth restriction and developmental delay; newer terminology for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Front 57

alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

Back 57

disorder in infants affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol but who do not meet the criteria for FAS; previously referred to as fetal alcohol effects

Front 58

anencephaly

Back 58

congenital deformity characterized by the absence of cerebrum, cerebellum and flat bones of the skull

Front 59

cleft lip

Back 59

incomplete closure of the lip; lay term is harelip

Front 60

coombs' test

Back 60

INDIRECT: determination of rh positive antibodies in maternal blood
DIRECT: determination of maternal Rh positive antibodis in fetal cord blood; positive test result indicates the presence of antibodies or titer

Front 61

developmental dysplasia of the hip

Back 61

abnormal development of the hip joint, resulting in instability of the hip causing one or both of the femoral heads to be displaced from the acetabulum (hip socket)

Front 62

erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 62

hemolytic disease of the newborn usually caused by isoimmunization resulting from rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility

Front 63

exchange transfusion

Back 63

replacement of 75 to 80 percent of circulating blood by withdrawal of the recipient's blood and injection of a donor's blood in equal amounts, the purposes of which are to prevent an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood above a dangerous level, to prevent the accumulation of other by products of hemolysis in hemolytic disease, and to correct anemia and acidosis

Front 64

gastroschisis

Back 64

abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical stalk

Front 65

hydrocephalus

Back 65

accumulation of fluid in the subdural or subarachnoid spaces

Front 66

hydrops fetalis

Back 66

most severe expression of fetal hemolytic disorder, a possible sequel to maternal rh isoimmunization; infants exhibit gross edema (anasarca), cardiac decompensation, and profound pallor from anemia and seldom survive

Front 67

inborn error of metabolism

Back 67

group of recessive disorders caused by a metabolic defect that results from the absence of or change in a protein, usually an enzyme and mediated by the action of a certain gene

Front 68

microcephaly

Back 68

abnormal smallness of the head in relation to the rest of the body and underdevelopment of the brain, resulting in some degrees of mental retardation

Front 69

myelomeningocele

Back 69

external sace containing meninges, spinal fluid, and nerves that protrudes through defect in vertebral column

Front 70

neonatal abstinence syndrome

Back 70

signs and symptoms associated with drug withdrawal in the neonate

Front 71

omphalocele

Back 71

congenital defect resulting from failure of closure of the abdominal wall or muscles and leading to herniation of abdominal contents through the navel

Front 72

thrush

Back 72

fungal infection of the moth or throat characterized by the formation of white patches on a red, moist, inflammed mucous membrane; caused by candida albicans

Front 73

torch infections

Back 73

infections caused by organisms that damage the embryo or fetus; acronym for toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis), rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex