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57 Cards in this Set

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What is "perinatology"?
The study of the fetus and infant during the perinatal period
The perinatal period is from -------- to ---------?
The perinatal period is from the twentieth week of pregnancy to 28 days after birth.
What is "neonatology"?
The study and care and treatment of the neonate
Explain "chronic villus sampling".
Aspirate tissue from placenta to examine for genetic disorders.
When is chronic villus sampling performed?
Between 10 and 12 weeks of gestation (p. 776-777)
What is "telemedicine"?
It permits health care providers to provide care and consultation at a distance (p. 8)
What is "regionalization of health services. levels of care"?
Ambulatory services and perinatal hospital services are designated basic, specialty and subspecialty.
Explain "holistic care".
It includes alternative and complementary care (ch. 4). It is a current trend in maternal/infant health care.
What does V.B.A.C. stand for?
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
What is a "maturational crisis"?
Crisis that arises during normal pregnancy (normal transitions).
What is a "situational crisis"?
Crisis that arises suddenly in an external event or a conflict concerning a specific circumstance, i.e. high risk pregnancy.
What is an "abortus"?
An embryo or fetus that is removed or expelled from the uterus at 20 weeks of gestation or less, weighs 500g or less, or measures 25cm or less.
What is "birth rate"?
The number of births in one year per 1,000 population.
What is "fertility rate"?
The number of births in one year per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 (inclusive), calculated on a yearly basis.
What is "neonatal death rate"?
The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age per 1,000 live births.
What is "maternal mortality rate"?
The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur as a direct result of the reproductive process up to 42 days after pregnancy is terminated.
What is "infant mortality rate"?
The number of deaths per 1,000 live births occurring at birth or in the first 12 months of life.
What is the greatest factor affecting infant mortality rate?
Prematurity
List 10 factors contributing to high-infant mortality rate.
1. lack of prenatal care*
2. insufficient number of qualified health care personnel
3. depersonalized health care given in large institutions
4. Poverty* low standard of living
5. poor nutrition*
6. limited maternal education
7. young maternal age
8. smoking/drugs/alcohol*
9. sexually transmitted diseases/AIDS*
10. Increasing # of multiple pregnancies assoc. with reproductive technology, which in turn leads to LBW babies (twins, triplets, quads, etc).
Levels of Preventative Care:
What does "Primary Prevention" involve?
Involves health promotion and disease prevention.
Levels of Preventative Care:
What does "Secondary Prevention" involve?
Involves early detection of deseae and prompt treatment.
Define "viability".
Period of gestation at which the fetus is capable of sustaining life outside the uterus. Now considered to between 22-24 weeks since last menstrual period, or weight of fetus is greater than 500g.
When/what is the neonatal period?
It is the first four weeks of life. It is the period of transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life.
When is the most critical time for the newborn?
The first 24 hours.
What is an Aquamephyton infection? When is it given? Why is it given?
It is a Vitamin K injection. It is given within the first 24 hours, usually just after birth. It is given to all babies because they have a sterile gut that cannot yet absorb Vit. K, until their normal flora becomes able to do so. Vitamin K helps form clotting and keeps babies from hemorrhaging.
What is Ilotycin Eye ointment? When is it given? Why is it given?
It is erythromycin. It is given within the first 24 hours after birth, usually just after birth. It is given prophylactically for tx of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia just in case of exposure. It is given to prevent Opthalmia Neonatorum.
What is the acceptable range for newborn blood glucose? How does gestational diabetes affect a newborn's blood glucose?
Should range from 45-90 mg/dl. Newborns use glucose up and may get hypoglycemic. Gestational diabetes can increase the size of fetus. The fetus will have increased glucose levels and increased insulin levels. After birth, increased insulin can cause newborns to crash.
What are the primary nursing concerns just after birth regarding the newborn?
Assess physical and behavioral characteristics, give Vit. K injection, give Ilotycin Eye ointment, check blood glucose levels, maintain temperature, IDENTIFICATION, and infant measurements.
At term, the lungs hold -------- ml of fluid/kg?
20 ml of fluid/kg.
A healthy infant establishes respirations within what time frame?
Within one minute (exact mechanism is not certain).
What does the "lust cry" do for infant lungs?
It inflates the alveoli, displacing remaining lung fluid with air, absorbed into the circulation with perfusion of pulmonary vascular bed.
How long must the nurse measure the respiratory rate/pattern of the newborn?
For a full minute, because it is very irregular.
What is the average respiratory rate and pattern of an infant?
30-60 breaths per minute, irregular, rapid, chest and abdomen rise together with inspiration.
What is the average pulse rate of a newborn?
110-160 beats per minute
What is the acceptable BP range for a newborn?
Systolic: 60-80
Diastolic: 40-50
What is "Acrocyanosis"? What may be the cause?
Blue hands and feet. May be caused by circulatory instability.
Is it true that a transitory heart murmur may be a cardiovascular adjustment present at birth?
Yes.
Where would the nurse find the PMI?
In the 4th intercostal space and to the left of the midclavicular line.
What is a newborn's UOP typically like during the first 24 hours after birth?
Low.
How many voidings per day indicate adequate fluid intake in the newborn?
6 to 10
A depressed fontanel could be a sign of what?
dehydration
What is the fourth trimester?
It is a 6 week interval between birth and the return of the reproductive organs to their normal non-pregnant state.
Define "involution".
The return of the uterus to it's non-pregnant size by 4 to 6 weeks through process of autolysis (self-digestion).
In the process of involution, endometrial regeneration is complete by when?
By the end of the third week postpartum.
In the process of involution, the placental site regeneration is complete by when?
By the end of the sixth week postpartum.
The height of the fundus decreases in size by how much each day? How should the fundus feel? What does this indicate?
1 cm.
The fundus should feel firm (like a grapefruit), indicating a well-contracted uterus.
If the fundus is located higher and to the right of where it is expected to be located, what is a probable cause?
A full bladder can displace the uterus and cause UTERINE ATONY.
What is "uterine atony"?
A uterus that is not contracted or toned.
What is the #1 cause of post partum bleeding?
UTERINE ATONY!!!
Name 4 factors to enhance involution.
1. Breast feeding (releases oxytocin from posterior pituitary).
2. Early ambulation
3. Uterine massage
4. Empty bladder
Name 4 medications enhancing involution.
1. Pitocin
2. Methergine
3. Hemabate
4. Ergotrate
What is "lochia"?
Vaginal discharge during the postpartum period consisting of blood, tissue, and mucous from the uterus.
What is "lochia rubra"?
Bright to dark red discharge occurring in the first 2-3 days after birth.
What is "lochia serosa"?
Pinkish/brown discharge occurring from 3rd to 10th day postpartum.
What is "lochia alba"?
Yellowish to white color occurring from 10th day can continue 2 to 6 weeks postpartum.
Name 6 perineal changes with birth.
1. Soreness/pain
2. edematous
3. ecchymosis
4. episiotomy
5. lacerations
6. hemorrhoids
What does REEDA stand for? When is it used?
Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge/drainage (pus), Approximation (suture not healed) (or Aroma).
It is used for perineal assessment.