Ob Chapter 3

Front 1

What's perception?

Back 1

interpreting of what's around us ; the imputs from our senses to provide meaning to our environment

Front 2

What are 3 components of perception?

Back 2

A perceiver: his needs, emotions and experience, ecpectations, can affect is perception.
Target that is perceived (The object or person ):
Situational context in which perception occurring

Front 3

Explain social identity theory

Back 3

People form perceptions of themselves and others based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories

Front 4

Explain the Bruner's of the perceptual process

Back 4

Model that explain we are very receptive to cues provided by the target and the situation when we encounter an unfamiliar target

Front 5

What are the main biaises in person perception?

Back 5

Primacy
Recency
Implicit personality theory
Reliance
Central traits
Projection
Stereotyping

Front 6

What kind of stereotypes are especially problematic for organizations?

Back 6

Gender, age, race

Front 7

What are the factors that influence perception + subcategories

Back 7

Factors in the situation: Physical, Social, Organizational

Factors in the Perceiver:
Personal experience
Needs
Emotions
Attitudes/expectations
Personality

Factors in the target
Ambiguous vs non-ambiguous
Motion
Size
Demographic characteristics
Contrast

Front 8

Explain Perceptual Defence

Back 8

The tendency for the perceptual system to defend the perceiver against unpleasant emotions.
People often “see what they want to see” and “hear what they want to hear”.

Front 9

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Back 9

Tendancy to observers to overemphasize dispositional attributions

Front 10

What is the actor-observer effect?

Back 10

Someone who explain is own behaviour in situational term

Front 11

Our tendency to take credit for success and to deny responsibility for failure is known as________ ?

Back 11

self-serving bias

Front 12

___________________ involve a willingness to be vulnerable and to take risks with respect to the actions of another party

Back 12

Perception of trust

Front 13

Trust perceptions toward management are based on perceptions of ______, _______, and _____________.

the 3 factors influencing trust perception:

Back 13

1. ability: : look to how manager is competent and have skills
2. benevolence: How the manager is caring of others and willing to do good
3. integrity

Front 14

Refers to perceptions about how much an organization value an individual's contribution and cares about one well's being

Back 14

perceived organizational support

Front 15

According to Organizational support theory, what will do employees who have a strong perceptions of organizational support?

Back 15

They will fell an obligation to care about organization 's welfare and help the organization achieves its objectives

Front 16

When do job applicants form a more positive perceptions of the selection process?

Back 16

When the selection procedures are perceived to be fair

Front 17

Why judging the suitability of job applicants in a interview and appraising for job performance are especially difficult perceptual task?

Back 17

Because the target is motivated to convey a good impression and interviewers exhibits a number of perpetual tendencies that are reflected in inaccurate judgments including : leniency, harshness, central tendency, contrast, halo, similar-to-me effect.

Front 18

What are the two methods of training that can improve the accuracy of performance appraisals?

Back 18

behaviourally anchored rating scales ( BARS) and frame-of-reference ( FOR)

Front 19

What are Potential Biases in Attribution ?

Back 19

Fundamental attribution error
Overemphasize dispositional explanations
Actor-observer effect
Actor/ observer view the causes of actor’s behaviour differently
Self-serving bias
Take credit for success and deny failure

Front 20

What kind of cue is there in this attribution question: Does the person engage in the behaviour regularly and consistently?

Back 20

Consistency cues

Front 21

How is called the training method that improve rating accuracy that involves providing raters with a common frame of reference to use when rating individuals?

Back 21

Frame-of-reference (FOR) training

Front 22

How is called a rating scale with specific behavioural examples of good, average, and poor performance?

Back 22

Behaviourally anchored rating scale ( BARS)

Front 23

Techniques for Reducing Perceptual Errors and Biases

Back 23

behaviourally anchored rating scales ( BARS) and frame-of-reference ( FOR)

Front 24

What are the 5 Subjective Rating Errors ?

Back 24

Leniency
Harshness
Central tendency
Halo effect
Similar-to-me effect

Front 25

Biases in subjective performance appraisals are due to ? ( 3 answers possible )

Back 25

Primacy
Recency
Stereotypes

Front 26

Define Behaviourally anchored rating scale ( BARS)

Back 26

rating scale with specific behavioural examples of good, average, and poor performance

Front 27

What are four dimensions involves in an Interview structure?

Back 27

Evaluation standardization
Question sophistication
Question consistency
Rapport building

Front 28

Define Frame-of-reference (FOR) training

Back 28

Training method that improve rating accuracy that involves providing raters with a common frame of reference to use when rating individuals

Front 29

How is called the term who define how a Previously interviewed job applicants affect an interviewer’s perception of a current applicant, leading to an exaggeration of differences between applicants ?

Back 29

Contrast Effects

Front 30

What are the 4 Factors that Threaten Interview Validity?

Back 30

Applicants are motivated to present a favourable impression of themselves.
Interviewers compare applicants to a stereotype of the ideal applicant.
Interviewers have a tendency to exhibit primacy reactions.
Interviewers give more importance to negative aspects (less to positive)

Front 31

what is POS not abbreviated?

Back 31

Perceived Organizational Support

Front 32

What are the predictors of POS ?

Back 32

supervisor support
fairness
organizational reward
job conditions

Front 33

What are the consequences of Perceived Organizational Support?

Back 33

Job satisfaction
Organizational commitment
Positive mood
Performance
Reduce strains
Reduce turnover and absenteism

Front 34

How to manage Diversity with Stereotype Reduction ? ( 4 ways)

Back 34

Training programs
More mixed teams
Information sessions for HR personnel
Increase numbers of minorities

Front 35

What kind of cue is there in this attribution question: Do most people engage in the behaviour, or is it unique to this person?

Back 35

Consensus cue

Front 36

What kind of cue is there in this attribution question: Does the person engage in the behaviour in many situations, or is it distinctive to one situation?

Back 36

Distinctivenss cue

Front 37

By what kind of factors behaviours can be caused ?

Back 37

Dispositional factors (i.e., intelligence, greed, etc)
Situational factors (i.e., good luck, poor advice, etc)

Front 38

What are 3 characteristics of the Perceptual Process According to Burner’s Model ?

Back 38

1. Perception is selective
Not using all available cues

2. Perceptual constancy
Target perceived same way over time and situations

3. Perceptual consistency
Ignoring cues that are not homogeneous

Front 39

what is the most important perception that influence OB?

Back 39

Perceptions that oraganizational members have to each other

Front 40

What is the phenomenon that serves us to defend us against unpleasant emotions?

Back 40

perceptual defense

Front 41

Tendancy to perceiver to rely on early cues/first impression count most

Back 41

biaises in perception called : Primary effect

Front 42

Tendancy for a perceiver to rely on recent cues/ last impression
Count most

Back 42

biaises in perception called : Recency effects

Front 43

Personal charcteristics of a target person that a particular interest to the perceiver

Back 43

biaises in perception called : Central traits

Front 44

Theory about which personality characteristics go together ( in perception biaise )

Back 44

Implicit personality theory

Front 45

People are like themselves/ attributes own thought and feeling to others ( perception biaise )

Back 45

Projection

Front 46

Tendency to generalize about people who seem to have same characteristics / same social category and avoid variation among them

Back 46

Stereotypes

Front 47

What are three specific aspect of stereotyping ?

Back 47

• Distinction in category of people
• Individuals in the same category have certains tratis
• Everyone in this category have the same traits

Front 48

Why first impression so fast? How we name it?

Back 48

primary effect

Front 49

Define Attribution

Back 49

The process by which causes or motives are assigned to explain people behaviours

Front 50

What are the two types of attribution?

Back 50

Dispositional Attribution: Person’s behaviour is explained by her personality or intellect
Situational Attribution:
Person’s behaviour is explained by a external situation or environment

Front 51

Person’s behaviour is explained by a external situation or environment

Back 51

Situational Attribution

Front 52

Person’s behaviour is explained by her personality or intellect

Back 52

Dispositional Attribution

Front 53

The process by which causes or motives are assigned to explain people behaviours

Back 53

Attribution

Front 54

Why attribution process is important?

Back 54

To try to understand people motives and see how to reward and punish employees

Front 55

What kind of attribution is it? She is late at work because she’s a lazy person

Back 55

dispositional attribution

Front 56

Attributions cues that reflect how consistent a person is over time

Back 56

Consistency cues:

Front 57

What kind of attribution is it? She’s late because she as a car accident

Back 57

Situational Attribution

Front 58

Attribution cues that compare behaviour to other

Back 58

Consensus cues

Front 59

Attribution cues that reflect the extend to which a person engages in some behaviour across a variety of situation

Back 59

Distinctiveness cues

Front 60

What are the three type of biaises in attribution?

Back 60

Fundamental attribution error:
Actor-observer effect
Self-serving bias

Front 61

What kind of biaises is related to the tendancy to overemphasize on dispositional disposition than a situational one ?

Back 61

Fundamental attribution error:

Front 62

Psychological state in which one has a willingness to be vulnerable and to take risks with the respct to the actions of someone else.

Back 62

Trust

Front 63

Aplicants interpret their recruitement experiences as cues about unknown characteristics of an org. and how it will be to work for them

Back 63

signalling theory

Front 64

earlier applicants affect interview of the next one

Back 64

Contrasts effects

Front 65

Members of a social group fell they might be judged or treated according to a stereotype and that their behaviour and or performance will confirm the stereotype

Back 65

Stereotype Threat

Front 66

Rater error describes as the tendency to perceive the job performance of ratees as especially good

Back 66

Leniency

Front 67

Rater error describes as the tendency to perceive the job performance of ratees as especially ineffective

Back 67

Harshness

Front 68

Rater error describes as the tendency to assign most ratees to middle-range job performance categories

Back 68

Central tendancy

Front 69

Rater error describes as the rating of an individual on one trait or characteristic tends to colour ratings on other traits or characteristics

Back 69

Halo effect

Front 70

A rater error describes as a rater gives favourable evaluations to people who are similar to the rater in terms of background or attitudes.

Back 70

Similar to me effect

Front 71

Personnal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceiver

Back 71

central traits

Front 72

Personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics go together

Back 72

implicit personality theories

Front 73

tendency for perceivers to attribute their own thought and feelings to others

Back 73

projection