Oav Geography 9-1: Urban Issues And Challenges

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Brownfield site

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Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. Commonlyfound across urban areas, particularly in the inner city.

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Dereliction

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Abandoned buildings and wasteland.

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Economic opportunities

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Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment.

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Greenfield site

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A plot of land, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area that has not yetbeen subject to any building development.

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Inequalities

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Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples' wellbeing andaccess to things like jobs, housing and education. Inequalities may occur inhousing provision, access to services, access to open land, safety and security

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Integrated transport systems

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When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smootherand therefore public transport more appealing. Better integration should resultin more demand for public transport and should see people switching fromprivate car use to public modes of transport, which should be more sustainable.It may also lead to a fall in congestion due to less road users.

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Mega-cities

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An urban area with a total population in excess of ten million people

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Migration

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When people move from one area to another. In many LICS people move fromrural to urban areas (rural-urban migration).

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Natural increase

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The birth rate minus the death rate of a population.

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Pollution

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The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful orpoisonous effects on an environment.

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Rural-urban fringe

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A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where thereis often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from out oftown shopping centres and golf courses to farmland and motorways.

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Sanitation

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Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of cleanwater and the disposal of sewage and waste.

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Social deprivation

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The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decenthousing, adequate income and local employment.

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Social opportunities

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Chances for people to improve their quality of life, for instance access toeducation and health care.

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Squatter settlement

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An area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply,sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally in acity in an LIC.

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Sustainable urban living

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A sustainable city is one in which there is minimal damage to the environment,the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, andthere is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisionsmade. Sustainable urban living includes several aims including the use of renewable resources, energy efficiency, use of public transport, accessibleresources and services.

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Traffic congestion

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Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with, sotraffic jams form and traffic slows to a crawl.

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Urban greening

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The process of increasing and preserving open space such as public parks andgardens in urban areas.

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Urbanisation

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The process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comesto live in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of many LICs andNEEs.

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Urban regeneration

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The revival of old parts of the built‐up area by either installing modern facilitiesin old buildings (known as renewal) or opting for redevelopment (ie demolishingexisting buildings and starting afresh).

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Urban sprawl

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The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.

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Waste recycling

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The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste.