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Perceptual art

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art that looks like the real thing

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Conceptual art

Back 2

art that seeks to express an idea

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Atmospheric Perspective

Back 3

Faraway objects have less detail, less focus, and less saturated color

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Shading/Modeling

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Creates illusion of shape or form

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Diminution

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Faraway objects get smaller

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Overlapping

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People/Things overlap other people/things

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Vertical Perspective

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Faraway Objects are higher up on the image

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Unified Light Source

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- all of the cast shadows are going the same direction

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Linear Perspective

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all orthogonals converge at a single vanishing point, often shown in grids

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Idealized figure

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a figure that is young, muscular, and graceful

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Individualized Figure

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a figure that has its own appearance/ behavior

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Classical Figural Treatment

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1. Idealized
2. Individualized
3. Calm Faces
4. Contrapposto
5. Togas

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Classical Nude

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1. Idealized
2. Calm
3. Contropposto
4. Nearly/Completely Naked

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Classical Architecture

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1. Round Arches
2. Columns
3. Pediments

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Sense of calm dignity and stability

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1. Horizontal and Vertical lines
2. Figural pyramids
3. Symmetrical Composition
4. Central Composition
5. Calm expressions

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Orant Figures

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Figures that are praying with palms out to God

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Isocephalic figures

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figures with the same brain/head

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Hieratic perspective

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Bigger figures=more important

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Power of Gaze

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Everyone looks at the most important figure, makes onlooker look where the others are looking

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Attenuated figure

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long and stretchy figures
EX: Ottonian

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HUMANISM

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humans most important thing in creation, perfect

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ARCHITECTONIC THRONES

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thrones that look like buildings

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HOMUNCULOUS baby

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Babies don’t look like a baby; serious look, unibrow, hair, body, posture>

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Buon Fresco

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"Good Fresco"
- painting on WET plaster, before it dries

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Fresco Seco

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"Dry Fresco"
- painting on DRY plaster

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Lamentation

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"The mourning"
- Don’t generally see the cross
- See Jesus’ body laid out and people mourning it

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Implied lines

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- lines that aren’t drawn out, but are suggested
- everyone’s attention and eyes create implied lines

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MUSCULATURE

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lots of details on muscles

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Brunelleski

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The Holy Trinity:1st Linear Perspective Debut

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3 major goals of Italian Renaissance art

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1. making a scene that looks real, PERCEPTUAL ART

2. using what they have learned from the Greeks and Romans

3. to create images of calm, grace, stability, serenity, dignity

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Foreshortening

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something gets shorter as it turns toward viewer

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Figural Treatment

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how they treat bodies
EX:
used models, contraposto, musculature, idealized, individualized

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The “Grid”

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combination of vertical and horizontal lines> calm, stability, strength

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Donatello's David

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- Groundbreaking and controversial
- first full-scale, free-standing nude, since the classical times

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laurel reef

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sign that you had won a contest

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Aestheticism

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people that deny their body certain things to nourish the soul
EX: not cutting hair, selling all you own, going naked

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intuitive perspective

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- used orthogonals but did not have a single vanishing point- almost linear perspective but not

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isocephalic figures

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do not make more important figures bigger- but everyone’s heads on the same level – don’t put them higher up- indicate with clothing, overlapping, crowns, jewels

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tympana

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single most important advertising spot on the church

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Cimabue

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- reintroduces intuitive perspective- to do this he actually has to be looking at things-

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Giotto

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huge breakthrough: changes and improves art immensely to make it look more real, but died and no one picked up where he left off

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high contrast

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the dark color is right next to bright color bringing the figure out

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2nd Reality

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a strange new idea- makes it seem more realistic –- we can’t see it but we know it’s there

ex: there is a character with his back turned toward us-

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John the Beloved

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- always in lamentation or crucifixion scenes
- always the young guy wearing pink or red
- Jesus tells John to take care of mary

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Why is church losing power?

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1. black plague
2. Church is not the only patron of the art, now not all of the art is religious
3. humanism is brought in by the crusades
4. literacy- opens up knowledge now has access to all different ideas
5. scientific inquiry- all the questions aren’t going straight to the priests
6. Travel- people are seeing new things and cultures that do not believe with church

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continuous narrative

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- different moments of the same story shown in the same image – same character more than once

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St. Sebastian

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- Patron saint of plague
- he was a Roman general when it was illegal to be Christian in Rome- Rome is really embarrassed that such a powerful guy was Christian try to make an example of him so they tie him up and his shoulders shoot arrows through him- he lived through it a woman comes helps him and he is fine and then the Romans get people to beat him up and he dies

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Patent/ Chalice

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the communal wafers/ Communal cup

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triumphal arches

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- built in Rome to celebrate victories

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petrine doctrine

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teaching (doctrine) about peter (petrine)- Jesus says that “on this rock, I will build my church”

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neo-Platonism

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- an effort to reconcile the ideas of Greek philosophy with Christian beliefs
1. 1st lower soul is the physical needs-
2. the 2nd soul mind the ability to reason contemplate, create, appreciate beauty
– to cultivate your higher soul is to bring you closer to god- to stimulate it you give it things to think about- poetry, art, beautiful things

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Botticelli

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he likes patterns- folds of cloth, rhythmic patterns, repeated elements

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the Bonfire of the Vanities

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Salvadorena says we have to cleanse ourselves of our vanities-
burns all books (but bible), makeup, arts,
- the Florentine bring their stuff throw it into fire and believe they are saving themselves

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Northern Renaissance

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• occurs in Germany and Flanders (Flemish)—today’s France
- 1400-1500

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disguised symbolism

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objects that don’t look important or out out of place but that are really meaningful

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“ruach”

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- the Hebrew word for spirit or breath or wind
- symbol in art pieces in fluttering pages or blown-out candles: spirit of God present

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white with blue stripes objects

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like Jewish flag

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the fire screen

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- blocks heat of going in all directions
- is symbolic of Mary’s hymen- proof of her virginity
- it is a symbol of her physical virginity

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wash pot

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symbolizes Jesus cleansing people of their sins

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white lillies

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purity

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dogs

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loyalty

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1. 3 panels alterpiece
2. 2 panels alterpiece
3. 1 panel alterpiece

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1. a triptych
2. a diptych
3. polytych

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surface realism

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- particular attention to the surface texture of things

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shoes off

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holy ground

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belly

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fertility

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fruit

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fruit of her loins-- children

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convex mirror

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God watching over them

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skull

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symbolizes Jesus being the 2nd Adam and fixing his sins

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mater dolorosa

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- pain stricken mother

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white irises
red flowers
blue flowers

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the flowers of mourning
blood
sadness

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wheat

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the bread of life

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Ergotism

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a disease that attacks nervous system
– pain through your nerves
- seizures and muscle cramps
- can go blind and you can get hallucinations as it gets worse your heart is no longer sending blood to where the fungus attacks were this blood isn’t going the nerves start rotting (called necrosis) you get gangrene ( a bacteria that feeds on dead flesh) and it starts feeding on living flesh - didn’t know where it was coming from so kept on eating the bread with the ergot and that made it worse- often amputation

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a. Vanitas image\

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—an image that reminds people that the vanity in beauty of the earth will not last

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bagpipes

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lust

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rotting fruit/food

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beauty won't last forever

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grisaille

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gray scale
– do this on the outsides of altarpieces so the inside seems all the more wonderful

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food/ utencils

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gluttony

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money

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greed

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Renaissance Man
rarely finished projects
homo

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sfumato

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putting a brown glaze over bright colors to make the painting darker/mossier

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• segmental pediment

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- a circular arch above the window

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chiaroscuro

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– using glazes over and over using color glazes to create contour not linear

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Raphael

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the COPY CAT

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Titian

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• painted the whole canvas bright red and then used glazes on top of it

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Venus Pudica

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a pose of covering herself up pubic area

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Northern Renaissance--GUurlL teLl m3 WHhhaAATZzzZzZz uPpP

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-3/4 VIEW
-LOOKING DOWN
-DISGUISED SYMBOLS
-INSIDE AND SITING
-OIL PAINT
-DETAILS/SURFACE REALISM
-NO EMPHASIS ON BACKGROUND
-HORRIBLE BODY MECHANICS
-HID BODIES UNDER PUDDLES OF FABRIC
-WORK FROM OUTSIDE IN--FIGURES LOOK EXTREMELY CHUBBY WITH NO ONE STRUCTURE
-NO IDEALIZED FIGURES
-NO CLASSICAL NUDE/ARCHITECTURE