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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes resonance stable
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1.max # of covalent bonds
2. max 3 of filled octets 3. least charge seperation 4. most negative charge on most EN |
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allylic
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atoms directly connected to the atoms in the double bond
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Resonance patterns
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1. allylic lone pair
2.allylic positive 3.lone pairs to positive charges 4. pi bond between atoms of different EN (e- -> EN atom) 5. conjugate pi bonds in a ring |
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alkene
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double c bond CnH(2n+2)
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alkyne
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triple c bond CnH2n
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aromatic
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ring CnH 2n-2
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alkane
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saturated
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Alcohols
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COH
strong acid o have two h bonds and one c bond, oxidation lose one hydrogen |
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alkyl
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alkane (sat) minus H atom
abbreviated R |
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methyl
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CH3 Me-
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ethyl
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CH3CH2 Et-
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propyl
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CH3CH2CH2 Pr-
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isopropyl
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(CH3)CH i-PR-
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phenyl group
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benzene minus a hydrogen
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benzyl group
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methyl benzene minus a hydrogen from CH3
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Alkyl Halide (Haloalkane)
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have an alkyl group attached to F, Cl, Br, or I
methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary. depends on how many c are connected to the c connected to h |
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ethers
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oxygen atom bound to two carbons
very unreactive |
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amine
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1+ alkyl goups attached to nitrogen
Degree based on number of C connected to N |
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aldehyde
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carbonyl group with C bound to one H and either a H/C
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ketone
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two C bonds to carbonyl
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carboxylic acid
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C/H bond and OH bond to carbonyl
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ester
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H/C bond and O with alkyl group bond to carbonyl
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amide
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N bound to carbonyl
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Nitrile
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C-C_=N ( triple bond)
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index of hydrogen deficiency
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((2C+2)-H)/2 *Convert Halogens to H, If N is present subtract 1H
1= ring/ double bond 2= triple bond |
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phenol
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OH group attached to benzene ring
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addition reaction
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group/atom added to each C of an alkene
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Elimination reaction
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group/ atoms removed form two adjacent atoms to give an alkene
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rearrangement reaction
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change in bonding sequence
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heterolysis
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bond breaks to form 2 ions
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homolysis
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bond splits e- to form 2 radicals
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bronsted-lowry
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acids donate protons, bases accept
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lewis
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acids donate e- pairs bases donate
e- deficient atoms act as a lewis acid |
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nucleophiles
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lewis bases
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electrophiles
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lewis acids
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5 trends affecting acidity
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1.Lower Bond strength
2. Electronegativity 3. Hybridization ( sp> sp2 > sp3) 4. Inductive effects(e- withdrawal from bonds) 5. Resonance of conjugate bases |
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Protic solvents
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containt N-H, O-H, or H-F bonds
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where are carbonyl compounds protonated by strong acids?
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at the oxygen
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What is a protonated alkene?
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Carbocation
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