Nys Living Environment/biology Exam

Front 1

What is seen or measured.

Back 1

Observation

Front 2

A conclusion based on observation or evidence.

Back 2

Inference

Front 3

An untested prediction. A good hypothesis states both cause and effect (“Ifthen”
statement).

Back 3

Hypothesis

Front 4

A broad explanation of natural events that is supported by strong evidence.

Back 4

Theory

Front 5

Compares the results of an experiment between two (or more)
groups.

Back 5

Controlled Experiment

Front 6

Group being tested or receiving treatment. (ex: new drug)

Back 6

Experimental Group

Front 7

“Normal” group. Should be identical to experimental group in every way
except oneit does not receive the treatment (i.e.: no drug, or given the original drug or a
placebo).

Back 7

Control group:

Front 8

A sugar pill or other “fake” treatment give to the control group so subjects do not
know which group they are in.

Back 8

Placebo

Front 9

Variable that is being tested (ex: new drug). In a graph the
[ ]variable is always plotted on the X axis.

Back 9

Independent Variable:

Front 10

Variable that is measured at the end of an experiment; the results
(ex: does patient get better?) The[ ] variable is always plotted on the Y axis.

Back 10

Dependent Variable

Front 11

Characteristics of a good experiment

Back 11

1. Can be repeated by anyone and get the same results.
2. Have large sample size/many test subjects.
3. Are performed for longer periods of time.
4. Test only one variable.
5. Are peer reviewed – examined by several scientists to determine its accuracy.
6. Does not have to agree with the hypothesis. A scientist’s guess is allowed to be
incorrect – and usually is.
7. Is objective – the experiment and conclusion are fair and unbiased. Fact and opinion are
not mixed.

Front 12

All living things must maintain

Back 12

homeostasis

Front 13

To maintain homeostasis, organisms carry out the same basic life functions

Back 13

nutrition,
excretion, transport, respiration, growth, synthesis, regulation and synthesis

Front 14

What makes up an organism’s metabolism

Back 14

All life processes

Front 15

Failure to maintain homeostasis causes

Back 15

disease and death.

Front 16

make their own food

Back 16

Autotrophs

Front 17

eat other organisms

Back 17

heterotrophs

Front 18

is carried out by plants, alga and blue-green bacteria (autotrophs). It takes
the radiant energy of the sun and puts it in the bonds of sugar molecules

Back 18

Photosynthesis

Front 19

Photosynthesis occurs mostly in the...

Back 19

chloroplast of plant cells

Front 20

small holes in their leaves that let them exchange the gasses
used in photosynthesis

Back 20

stomates

Front 21

open and close the stomates

Back 21

Guard cells

Front 22

In respiration, organisms get energy by breaking the bonds of

Back 22

sugar molecules

Front 23

The released
energy is used to make a molecule of _______, which gives all organisms their energy.

Back 23

ATP

Front 24

__________________ requires oxygen, and yields more ATP (energy) for a molecule of
sugar than anaerobic (no oxygen) respiration.

Back 24

Aerobic respiration

Front 25

movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations.
Requires no energy (passive transport).

Back 25

Diffusion:

Front 26

requires the use of energy, usually moving molecules from a low
concentration to a high concentration (against the flow of diffusion).

Back 26

Active Transport

Front 27

is the diffusion of water into or out of the cell. If water diffuses into the cell, the
cell swells (get larger) and may burst. If it loses water (being put in salt water for example) it
will shrivel up.

Back 27

Osmosis

Front 28

coordination and control of other life functions.

Back 28

Regulation

Front 29

is a change in the environment that you respond to.

Back 29

stimulus

Front 30

nerve cell

Back 30

neuron

Front 31

is the electrical signal carried by the nerves. Neurotransmitters are chemicals
that help carry the impulse.

Back 31

An impulse

Front 32

is a chemical signal secreted by different glands in the body. Examples of
hormones include insulin, adrenaline, testosterone and estrogen

Back 32

hormone

Front 33

are proteins on the surface of the cell membrane that receive signals
from the nervous and endocrine system.

Back 33

Receptor molecules

Front 34

The most common elements in living things are (in order)

Back 34

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and
Nitrogen (CHON).

Front 35

___________________ compounds have Carbon AND Hydrogen (ex: C6H12O6 is organic, H2O, CO2,
and NO3 are not).

Back 35

Organic

Front 36

Organic molecules are also __________than inorganic molecules.

Back 36

larger

Front 37

sugars and starches

Back 37

Carbohydrates

Front 38

All carbohydrates are made from _______ ________ and they supply energy.

Back 38

simple sugars
(like glucose)

Front 39

_________ store energy and include fats, oils and waxes

Back 39

Lipids

Front 40

They are made from fatty acids and
glycerol.

Back 40

Lipids

Front 41

____________ are made from amino acids and also make hormones and cell structures.

Back 41

Proteins

Front 42

The _______ of proteins and how they fit together that determines what
proteins can do.

Back 42

SHAPE

Front 43

1) make enzymes
2) make receptor molecules on the cell membrane. These are used to receive
chemical messages (like hormones).
3) make antibodies
4) make hormones

Back 43

Four specific jobs of proteins

Front 44

they affect the rates of chemical reactions

Back 44

Enzymes are catalysts

Front 45

one type of enzyme fits one type of molecule. Change its
shape and the enzyme will no longer work.

Back 45

lock and key model

Front 46

wHAT cause proteins and enzymes to lose their shape so
that they no longer work properly?

Back 46

very high temperatures

Front 47

What measures the strengths of acids and bases?

Back 47

The pH scale

Front 48

A low pH (0-6.9) is a ______.

Back 48

acid

Front 49

A high pH (7.1-14) is a _____.

Back 49

base

Front 50

A pH of 7 is _______.

Back 50

neutral (water).

Front 51

_______are the basic unit of life

Back 51

Cells

Front 52

(all living things are made of cells).

Back 52

cell theory

Front 53

__________ is made of lipids and proteins

Back 53

The cell membrane

Front 54

When only some molecules can pass through it (typically small molecules like water and oxygen) it is said to have ....

Back 54

permeability

Front 55

The cell wall is mostly for

Back 55

protection

Front 56

he cell membrane is needed to control
movement _____ and _____ of the cell.

Back 56

into and out

Front 57

________is the only kingdom that completely lacks cell walls.

Back 57

The animal kingdom

Front 58

are classified mostly by evolutionary history and those with common ancestors are
grouped together.

Back 58

Organisms

Front 59

__________are large groups of related organisms (fungi, bacteria, protists, animals, plants).

Back 59

Kingdoms

Front 60

A _______ is able to successfully reproduce amongst its members.

Back 60

species

Front 61

A scientific name is made up of an organism’s _________ and ________.

Back 61

Genus and species.

Front 62

Cells are specialized into ,,,,

Back 62

tissues.

Front 63

Specialization or differentiation occurs because only some genes in the nucleus of a
cell are ....

Back 63

“turned on”

Front 64

Tissues work together to form

Back 64

organs (heart, lungs, kidney).

Front 65

Food is moved through the digestive system by muscular contractions called...

Back 65

peristalsis

Front 66

__________ is the fluid of the blood

Back 66

Plasma

Front 67

Food is broken down ______ and ________.

Back 67

mechanically and chemically.

Front 68

Moves material (water, nutrients, hormones, wastes) through the body.

Back 68

Transport/Circulatory System.

Front 69

______ blood cells carry oxygen.

Back 69

Red

Front 70

______blood cells fight disease.

Back 70

White

Front 71

clot the blood.

Back 71

Platelets

Front 72

The job of the immune system is to protect the body against

Back 72

pathogens.

Front 73

Three Types of pathogens include ...

Back 73

viruses, bacteria, and parasites

Front 74

________ ________ Cells are the main components of the immune system

Back 74

White Blood Cells

Front 75

universal donor blood type

Back 75

Blood type O

Front 76

________ ______ is the universal acceptor blood type

Back 76

type AB

Front 77

A _______ is an injection of a dead or weakened pathogen.

Back 77

vaccine

Front 78

_____________ are drugs used to stop infections by bacteria and will NOT fight viruses.

Back 78

Antibiotics

Front 79

_________ respiration (breathing) provides oxygen needed for chemical respiration (which
releases energy from sugar).

Back 79

Physical

Front 80

The ________ is the muscle that allows breathing to occur.

Back 80

diaphragm

Front 81

The ______are very important in respiration because it is here that the oxygen enters the blood and CO2
leaves. The _______ took like microscopic sacs surrounded by capillaries.

Back 81

alveoli

Front 82

Removes metabolic waste from your body.

Back 82

Excretory System:

Front 83

Your ________ excretes salt, water, urea and CO2.

Back 83

body

Front 84

________excrete CO2 and water and the ________ excretes sweat.

Back 84

Lungs
Skin

Front 85

The ________ filter waste from blood and reabsorb nutrients.

Back 85

kidneys

Front 86

The _______ filters toxins and dead red blood cells from the blood.

Back 86

liver

Front 87

________ only pull and must work in pairs.

Back 87

Muscles

Front 88

The _________ makes insulin and glucagon which control blood sugar.

Back 88

pancreas

Front 89

_______ __________ make adrenaline when the body is under stress.

Back 89

Adrenal glands

Front 90

___________ (male), estrogen and _____________ (female) are the sex hormones.

Back 90

Testosterone (male), estrogen and progesterone (female) are the sex hormones.

Front 91

Hormone levels are controlled by _________ feedback.

Back 91

negative

Front 92

Asexual reproduction:
1. Advantages: 2. Disadvantage:

Back 92

Asexual reproduction:
1. Advantages: faster, easier
2. Disadvantage: no variety. Offspring are the same as parent.

Front 93

Sexual reproduction:
1. Advantage:
2. Disadvantage:

Back 93

Sexual reproduction:
1. Advantage: variety
2. Disadvantage: more time, effort and risk.

Front 94

Meiosis

Back 94

Sexual reproduction

Front 95

During Meiosis, One cell divides ______to make ______ DIFFERENT cells.

Back 95

twice
four

Front 96

During meiosis... All 4 cells are ______(n) meaning they have half the number of chromosomes
found in the parent cell.

Back 96

haploid

Front 97

4. Makes gametes (sex cells). In humans __ sperm cells or ___ egg and three polar
bodies are produced each time meiosis occurs.

Back 97

4
1

Front 98

Fertilization occurs in the

Back 98

fallopian tube.

Front 99

A fertilized egg is called a

Back 99

zygote

Front 100

The fetus develops in the uterus

Back 100

uterus

Front 101

After few days, human cells begin to _____________ – that is they start to form types of cells
(nerve, skin, bone, etc)

Back 101

differentiate

Front 102

Humans have _____ chromosomes, or ____homologous pairs.

Back 102

46 chromosomes
23 homologous pairs.

Front 103

DNA is made of 4 bases:

Back 103

ATCG.

Front 104

Base pairs:

Back 104

A-T, C-G (in RNA, A-U and C-G)

Front 105

______ carries the genetic code to ribosomes

Back 105

RNA

Front 106

Changes to DNA are called

Back 106

mutations

Front 107

________ _________ inserts genes of one organism into the genes of another. Enzymes are used to cut and copy the DNA segments. Bacteria are often used because they have no nucleus protecting their DNA and they reproduce very quickly,
allowing large amounts of medicine (insulin) to be made.

Back 107

Genetic engineering

Front 108

The gene to make human _________ was inserted into bacteria. These bacteria can
now make _________that is exactly the same as human _________. This insulin is used by
diabetics. This is safer than the cow and sheep insulin that were used in the past.

Back 108

insulin

Front 109

___________ ____________proposed that natural selection is the mechanism that causes species to
change.

Back 109

Charles Darwin

Front 110

The basic steps in natural selection are:
.

Back 110

1. Overproduction of offspring.
2. Competition for limited resources.
3. Survival and reproduction OR death.

Front 111

Organisms that are better adapted to their environment and able to reproduce
successfully are considered _______. Unfit organisms die, and their traits are eventually
removed from the gene pool.

Back 111

fit”.

Front 112

Evolution is usually driven by a change in the

Back 112

environment

Front 113

To evolve, variations must exist in a species _____________the environment changes. They
do not get a trait just because it is needed.

Back 113

BEFORE

Front 114

Variations exist in evolution primarily as the result of __________ __________ and _____________,

Back 114

sexual reproduction and mutation.

Front 115

Species with more variation are better able to survive _______________ changes.

Back 115

environmental

Front 116

____________is a theory that says change occurs slowly.

Back 116

Gradualism

Front 117

____________ ____________is a
theory that says evolution happens in quick spurts.

Back 117

Punctuated equilibrium

Front 118

Creation of new species usually requires geographic isolation which eventually results
in ___________________ ___________

Back 118

reproductive isolation.

Front 119

_____________ is needed to keep an ecosystem going. The ___________comes from the sun and is
made usable by producers (plants and other autotrophs)

Back 119

ENERGY

Front 120

Energy is passed on to other organisms in the form of _______

Back 120

Energy is passed on to other organisms in the form of

Front 121

Since all organisms must use
energy for their own needs, most energy is lost before it can be passé to the next step in the
food chain. As a result, organisms _______on the food chain have less energy available to them
and must have smaller populations.

Back 121

HIGH

Front 122

The maximum size of a population is called the

Back 122

carrying capacity.

Front 123

H. The negative effects humans have had on the environment are all mostly due to the
increasing _________ ________

Back 123

human population.

Front 124

_____________________refers to the variety of life on earth.

Back 124

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth.