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168 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What kind of lice transmit NOTHING?
Head lice
What kind of organism feeds off another and contributes nothing to the host's survival?
Parasite
Parasite that lives IN a host
ENDOparasite = INfection

parasite lives in tissues of host
Parasite that fests on the outersides (skin, hair) of host.

(yes, I made up the word 'outersides')
ECToparasites are due to external INFESTATIONS.

ECTO = INFESTATION from outside and parasite lives ON the outerside (skin, hair) of host
When a parasite has a specific host they must colonize in order to reproduce, i.e., dog fleas, then humans are considered to be __________ hosts.
INCIDENTAL
The only ECTOparasite that JUMPS
fleas


*ergo, all other ectoparasites crawl.
Most ECTO (hair and skin) parasites prey on us ____________, although some like the tapeworm can stay with us for life.
temporarily


*most ectoparasites are temporary
Parasites which MUST live in a host.
OBLIGATE
Parasites which can temporarily live on their own.
FACULTATIVE

(Faculty: can sit in a pile of poo and wait for the next dog to come along and eat them/it up)
Simple (asexual repro. via budding or fission)

Single-celled (unicellular)

Difficult to treat
Protozoa
VEGETATIVE protozoa
TROPHO-ZIOTE
COLONIZING FORM of protozoans (after trophoziote stage) that gets inside you.
CYST = COLONIZER

*Cyst is how you get infected; trophoziote the the 'waiting'
Protozoan classified by
(PROTO like PROpel)
LOCOMOTION determines protozoa name
SARCODINA
pseudopods

*remember, protozoa are classed by how they move...
Example of SARCODINA (pseudopod) protozoan:
ENTAMOEBA histolytica

(MONTEZUMA'S REVENGE)
Where does Entamoeba histolytica (sarcodina pseudopod protozoan) come from?
FECES in WATER

*Traveler's catch the trots by ingesting the CYSTS of E. histolytica that were in the water (FECES IN WATER)
Which form of Entamoeba histolytica (sarcodina pseudopod protozoan) causes the infection:
CYST OR TROPHOZIOTE?
TROPHOZIOTE

*cyst is ingested, dissolved in stomach acid and trophoziote gets hold in the small intestines.
ENTAMOEBA histolytica has __________ DIARRHEA.
BLOODY DIARRHEA =
ENTAMEOBA
CILOPHORA protozoan
CILiophora = CILIA for locomotion

*protozoans are classed by locomotive means
CILIOPHORA protozoan w/ CILia example
Balantidium COLI
the LARGEST protozoan to infect humans


The Cilly god of pigs at Balantine books
BALANTIDIUM COLI

common in EUROPE - people visit the BALANTIDIUM and pay homage to LARGEST protozoan CILIA god of PIGS
MASTIGOPHORA

*think self-flagellation & masochism
FLAGELLA

*more FLAGELLATES infect humans than any other protozoan. This is because we constantly beat ourselves up (self-flagellation). We are MASochists, and we have MAStigophoria.
Because we are busy self-flagellating, name some diseases MASTIGOPHORA have masochistically brought on...(4)
GIARDIA lamblia (yup, Vermont)

TRYPANOSOMA spp.

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

LEISHMANIA
Beaver Fever, baby. Vermonters love this MASTOGOPHORIC self-flagellation. What's their DIARRHEA of choice with GIARDIA?
waxy
greasy
yellowish
creamy
Giardia beavers are not so dreamy!


(can't digest proteins)
name for waxy, greasy, yellowish, creamy, Giardia beavers aren't so dreamy diarrhea...
STEATORRHEA
Why shouldn't you let your dog drink out of a puddle, especially in Vermont?
Waxy, greasy, yellowish, creamy, GIARDIA beavers aren't so dreamy!

Mastogophoric self-flagellators!
What protozoan looks like CASPER the FRIENDLY GHOST, but really isn't?

*boil his ass for 30 min.
GIARDIA, the unfriendly trophoziote!

*Casper comes in like a little ghost, a little CYST, but then turns into a huge ugly TROPHOZIOTE and makes you feel...
waxy, greasy, yellowish, creamy cause Giardia beaver's aren't so dreamy!
Blue Boomerangs

*how do they get into you?
TRYPANSOMA class

only exist in the trophoziote stage - no cyst because they are gonna ride the ride in a mosquito or fly or bug and go right in your blood.
Blue Boomerangs {TRypansoma} only exist in the ___________ stage.
TR = TR

TRypansoma = TRophoziote only
Blue Boomerang TRYPANSOMA ride in __________, ___________, and _________, therefore they don't need no stinking cyst stage to get into your body. They are carried in the mouths of arthropods and needled into your skin...
tsetse fly
mosquito
kissing bug
South American SLEEPING SICKNESS

*cruiZes into your mouth while you are sleeping...and kisses you in South America.
CHAGAS' brought to you on an arthropod...

Kissing bug CRUIZES into your mouth while you are SLEEPING.

TRypansoma = TRophoziote
Christing trypansoma
SOUTH AMERICAN sleeping sickness from the kissing bug/triatomid that isn't very harmful.

TRYPANSOMA CRUZI
Whats a very bad sleeping sickness you catch in Africa?


*think of the smalles country in Africa. They named it after that...
CHRONIC AFRICAN sleeping sickness:

TRYPANSOMA GAMBIENSE (Gambia)
Gambian trypansoma
CHRONIC African sleeping sickness
w/ anemia and narcolepsy for life.

TRYPANSOMA GAMBIENSE; trophoziote
Rhodesian trypansoma
ACUTE African sleeping sickness (so far, both bad sleeping sicknesses are named after two African countries - Gambia and Rhodesia)
How is Rhodesian trypansoma (rhodiense) transmitted?

*also, think of African plains animals
RHODESIAN TSETSE FLY OF AFRICA

*encephalitis, good bye.
*zebras and antelopes are reservoir
Vaginal TRichomonas
TR means TR so...
V. TRichomonas is a TRophoziote

SEXUALLY transmitted. Females get green cheese; men, per usual, are asymptomatic.
LEISHMANIA!!!
KALA AZAR SANDFLIES

ucerating granulomas

3rd world countries.
Sleeping sickness begins with a tsetse bite leading to an inoculation in the sub-cutaneous tissue. The infection moves into the lymphatic system, leading to a characteristic swelling of the lymph glands called Winterbottom's sign.[
T. brucei Gambia and Rhodesia

>The most notable is American trypanosomiasis, known as Chagas disease, which occurs in South America, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted by certain species of the Reduviidae, members of the Hemiptera.
Under unfavorable conditions, trophozoites transform into ______that are resistant to extremes of temperature, pH, and desiccation.
CYSTS (the dormant form of TRophozoites)

Cysts are notoriously difficult to kill and this is one reason why this infection is so difficult to eradicate. Only one class of medications is known to have cystocidal activity, the biguanides. (Wikipedia)
SPOROZOA locomote?
NONE they are spore-like and must have a host. Spores are round with no appendages...let's examine a few.
Toxoplasmosa gondii
Plasmodium spp.
Cryptosporidium spp.
SPOROZOA (no locomotion - need hosts)
CAT feces

Danger to PREGNANT WOMEN
TOXOPLASMOSIS = cat feces, pregnant women, AIDS patients

*caused by toxoplasma gondii, a sporozoa
Sporozoa of Malaria

P.M.S.
PLASMODIUM

P.M.S....
PLASMODIUM is
MALARIA is
SPOROZOA
The most common parasitic disease WORLDWIDE is P.M.S. and she's transmitted by a real bitch, the ___________ mosquito.
PLASMODIUM
MALARIA
SPOROZOA

Anopheles mosquito
P.M.S., the most common parasitic disease worldwide, affects the ______ and then the ______. This is why SICKLE CELL ANEMIA is considered to be an adaptation.
Liver
RBC's

(PMS: Plasmodium Malaria Sporozoa)
Do you have P.M.S. for life?
Yes, of course.


(PMS: Plasmodium Malaria Sporozoa)
Guess what kind of protozoa CRYPTOSPORIDIUM is?
SPOROZA!

Hmm...lemme see if I can figure that one out. Cryptosporidium.
1979 Milwaukee resulted in a dearth of toilet paper when 400,000 residents all contracted the shits at once because of ?
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM,
a nasty water protozoa that causes severe diarrhea and is in 90% of all sewage, 75% of rivers and 28% of drinking water.
study of WORMS, especially ________ worms, is called HELMINTHOLOGY
parasitic
Nema
Round
Platy
Flat


*platypus
Compare nema to platy worms
Nemahelminthes: roundworms, advanced, sexually reproduce

Platyhelminthes: flatworms, hermaphrodites (asexual)
tapeworms and flukes are
Platy(FLATY)helminthes
one of the most diverse of all animals. Very difficult to distinguish; over 28,000 have been described,of which over 16,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of species might be approximately 1,000,000.
Unlike flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube with openings at both ends.
NEMATODES!
hey represent, for example, 90% of all life on the seafloor of the Earth
NEMATODES!
The mouth has either three or six lips, which often bear a series of teeth on their inner edge
NEMATODES!
Most ________ species are dioecious, with separate male and female individuals.
NEMATODES!
Giant INTESTINAL roundworm
ascariasis

(A Scary Ass)
Nematodes commonly parasitic on humans include ascarids (Ascaris), filarias, hookworms, pinworms (Enterobius) and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura)
known for causing Heartworm disease by inhabiting the hearts, arteries, and lungs of dogs and some cats... I let my dog die of this. Don't do it.
List the Nematodes

Ask For Hooks, Pins & Whips
Ascarids
Filarias
Hookworms
Pinworms (Enterobius)
Whipworms (Trichuris trichirua)
Asck Filo for Hooks, Pins & Whips in a ROUNDabout way...
Ascarids
Filarias
Hookworms
Pinworms (Enterobius)
Whipworms (T. trichirua)
hangs from your digestive tract
Amebiasis is MONTEZUMA'S REVENGE
cyst to trophoziote...

(Entamoebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica infection)
parasitic disease of people and animals, caused by protozoa of the species _________ brucei and transmitted by the tsetse fly. The disease is endemic in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
Trypansoma
a human disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, related Giant Intestinal Roundworm, Parasitic diseases, Foodborne illnesses, Nematodes, Neglected diseases, Ascaris lumbricoides, poor hygiene, parasitic, worm
ROUNDWORM
Prevalent in tropical regions and in areas of poor hygiene SE United States. Infection occurs through ingestion of food contaminated with feces containing worm eggs. The larvae hatch, burrow through the intestine, reach the lungs, and finally migrate up the respiratory tract. From there they are then reswallowed and mature in the intestine, growing up to 30 cm (12 in.) in length and anchoring themselves to the intestinal wall.
ROUNDWORM
Ascariasis lumbricoids

*A scari ass
Most common human worm worldwide.

Rural southeast of US.
ROUNDWORM

Ascariasis
A scari ass
No symptoms noticeable (distended belly) but slow growth and/or weight gain. Coughing and breathing difficult if worms migrating to lungs.
ROUNDWORM

Ascariasis
A scari ass
affliction with little dragons
dracunculiasis - GUINEA WORM

a nematode (round) worm infection of little dragons that must be coiled out inch by inch, year by year.
30-60" long worms that migrate to subcutaneous tissues of legs and protrude oviduct (ie, create ulcers) to lay eggs. Turning of the stick...
GUINEA WORM

dracuculiasis (affliction of little dragons)
As the worm moves downwards, usually to the lower leg, through the subcutaneous tissues it leads to intense pain localized to its path of travel. The painful, burning sensation experienced by infected people has led to the disease being called "the fiery serpent". Other symptoms include: fever, nausea, and vomiting.
GUINEA WORM

dracunculiasis (affliction of little dragons)
caused by drinking water contaminated by water fleas (copepods) containing the Dracunculus larvae.
GUINEA WORM

world's poorest areas with no clean water
MOST COMMON WORM IN THE UNITED STATES, DUE TO THE NUMBER OF RECURRENCES.
Pinworms Enter By Ass

ENTEROBIUS vermicularis
Enter By Ass
ENTER O BIUS pinworms

Most common worm in US due to recurrences
In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among people of all ages. Particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark.
PINWORMS Enter by ass
Transparent adhesive tape (e.g. Scotch Tape) applied on the anal area will pick up deposited eggs, and diagnosis can be made by examining the tape with a microscope
Pinworms enter by ass
People suffering from this infection develop a salt deficiency
Pinworms Enterobiasis Enter by ass
Loa Loa
EYE WORM

transmitted by DEERFLIES or HORSEFLIES
Can cause conjunctivitis
Transmitted by deerflies or horseflies
Can live 15+ years
EYE WORM
LOA LOA
ANEMIA is the big risk from this worm - it sucks the blood from your intestines
HOOKWORM

Necator americanus because Americans like to walk barefoot in the park
Barefoot in the Park
Hooked rugs
Nectus americanus - hookworm

ANEMIA
Why don't northern states see many cases of Nectus americanus (hookworm)?
Because the freeze cycle kills it.

In the south, wet bare feet on grass - hookworm crawls into epidermis and then into your VILLI of intestines.
Spiraled pig's tail
Trich
This parasite is a tropical parasite and is the most common species in humans. Roughly 95% of of these worms found in the southern region of the United States are N.americanus. This parasite is found in humans, but can also be found in pigs and dogs.
Hookworms
wearing shoes in endemic areas helps reduce the prevalence of infection.
Hookworms


picture a lamprey eel in the grass
spiral pig tail worm acquired from eating rare/uncooked PORK
Trichinella spiralis
PORK WORM
PORK WORM
trichinosis - from eating pork (pigs) that ate contaminated meat.
Lives in the MUSCLES
looks like a big "S" in a muscle -

eating pork or wild game infected with the nematode
PORK worm
Trichinosis


Discovered by Dr. James Paget (of Paget's disease) in 1836
Trich trich is a real whip whip
Trichuris trichura = WHIPWORM

Heavy infections may lead to bloody diarrhea and Fe+deficient anemia and occasionally rectal prolapse
These worms occupy the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, and in chronic cases these worms lead to the disease elephantiasis
Wucheria bancrofti

ELEPHANTISIS, FILIARIASIS
Transmitted by Mosquitoes!
Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by loa loa
EYE worm
The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic ___________is elephantiasis—edema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues—which was the first disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites. Elephantiasis results when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system.
filariasis
The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis—edema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues—which was the first disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites. Elephantiasis results when the parasites lodge in the __________system.
LYMPHATIC

FILARIASIS

ELEPHANTISIS

WUCHERIA BANCROFTI
Worm with 4 section hooks in mouth called a SCOLEX
TAPEWORM

PLATY[flat]HELMINTHES
There are numerous species of tapeworm, which may be as long as 50 ft. (15 m). Their bodies are made up of segments called __________, which contain male and female sexual organs and which house their eggs. ___________break off, usually into the feces of the host, thus enabling the spread of the tapeworm.
Proglottids
sections of tapeworms
proglottids

*Immature>>Mature>>Gravid
Largest TAPEWORM to infect humans
SCOLEX
PROGLOTTIDS
FISH TAPEWORM
Diphyllobothrium Latum

"That raw fish latum low."
"That raw fish latum low."
FISH TAPEWORM (largest)
D. latum
How does the fish tapeworm lay you low?
attaches w/ scolex (mouth) and dangles, sucking blood through osmosis and diffusion

SUSHI - 25' long worm
s m a l l e s t tapeworm
to infect humans
d w a r f tapeworm

person - to -person
Nana's hymen
Nana's dwarf hymen
smallest human tapeworm

Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepsis nana
Apart from the fish tapeworm (latum low), what other Asian infection do you get from eating raw infected fish?
CHINESE LIVER FLUKE

*why do you guess it's called a liver fluke?
Where does the Chinese Liver fluke take up residence?
Liver (please see name of fluke again)
Gallbladder

Infects 30 million people in far East. Lives 10-20 years.
ClonORCHIS sinesis


*unendowed Chinese men
CHINESE Liver Fluke

Orchis means testicle. Chinese men are not well endowed, by their own admission. This was a fluke.
GIANT intestinal fluke

Fasciolopsis buski is husky giant.
RAW water plants

Largest of flukes - blocks intestines
Fasciolopsis buski is husky giant.
What shouldn't you eat in a crab (either cooked or uncooked)?
crab LUNG FLUKE

Paragonimus westermani
HEMOPTYSIS (lung blood)

often found in ectopic locations like the heart, brain or spinal cord and can be fatal.
crab LUNG FLUKE
FISH TAPEWORM
DWARF TAPEWORM
CHINESE LIVER FLUKE
GIANT INTESTINAL FLUKE
LUNG FLUKE

are all shaped like...
BULLETS OR BUTTONS.
The BLOOD flukes are shaped like
VESSELS, because they live in blood vessels ergo they are long and cylindrical.
Schistosoma spp.
BLOOD FLUKE

SWIMMER'S ITCH
Schistosomiasis is a blood infection caught in tropical waters.
looks like a piece of fettuccine folded in half but is a blood infection called swimmer's itch
Schistosoma spp.
Phylum Arthropoda (jointed feet) can both ________ and _________ disease (vector)
cause & transmit
Name the tick diseases
Lyme
HGE (human granulocyte erlichiosis)
Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever
Describe Lyme's disease
BORRELIA bores in (spirochete spiral corkscrew)

BULL'S EYE RASH

4-6 hrs continuous feeding
Lyme, CT
spirochete Borrelia bores in
via a tick and causes LYME'S
tick of LYME'S that bores in with spirochete Borrelia...
IXODES ticks

causes Erythema migrans (bull's eye rash that radiates out in red rings)
named for the are of the body they inhabit (head, body, pubic)
LICE
head and body = genus Pediculus capitus and corporus
pubic = genus Phthirus
BODY lice are _________
epidemic.
nits
lice eggs
Describe head lice
Pediculus capitus don't do anything
Which lice are EPIDEMIC?
body lice
Body lice are rarely discovered elsewhere (head, face) and aren't even common in the US. Found on people that don't wash or change clothes much (poor/indigent/homeless). What IS important about BODY lice?
VECTORS for
= TYPHUS, trench, relapsing fever

EPIDEMICS
what is a vector for typhus?
BODY LICE

pediculosis corpora
A man I knew in high school
Rather, a boy, who was untrue
Did wrangle me into bed
He wanted me to give him head
but I should have left the house
Because I discovered much later
He'd given me the louse.
So be a man, not a mouse
If you have crabs, keep your dick
in your pants and give it a good gasoline douse
Phthirus pubis
The only arthropod that jumps, carries the bubonic plague and endemic typhus, as well as tularemia.
FLEAS
blood protein feeders
ENDEMIC typhus
BUBONIC plague
TULAREMIA
__________ is the rapid spread of a disease in a specific area or among a certain population group.
EPIDEMIC IS SPECIFIC
_______ is the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent in a certain geographic area or population group.
ENDEMIC
CONSTANT
GEOGRAPHY
____________ is a worldwide epidemic; an epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting a large number of people.
Pandemic
If culture was obtained from a fomite (surface), skin or nasal swab, you are culturing for
staphylococcus
when you read a blood agar plate, you must
hold it up to the light and look for the COLOR of the MEDIA
On blood agar, if the media has turned a rusty brown to green, it is...
S. AUREUS

(Saureaus about your nasty brown staphylococcus aureus)
On blood agar, if the media has become TRANSLUCENT (no color), then you are looking at...
S. AUREUS

(Saureaus about your nasty brown staph aureus that ate the blood and turned the media cleareus)
Saureus about your nasty brown Staph aureus that ate the blood and turned the media cleareus...
S. AUREUS
brown to rusty on blood agar
eats blood so media is then clear
positive hemolytic activity on a blood agar plate means
S. AUREUS

(Saureus about your nasty brown S. Aureus that ate the blood and turned the media cleareus)
negative hemolytic activity on blood agar plate
Staph epidermidis
doesn't eat blood
THROAT SWAB
STREPOCOCCUS
Reading a BLOOD agar plate
hold up to light and look at COLOR OF MEDIA

is it CLEAR or did it stay RED/PINK?
Clear=+hemolytic, Pink=not hemo
NOSE/SKIN/FOMITE swab
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

(saureus about your nasty brown s. aureus that ate the blood and turned the media cleareus)
THROAT swab
STREP throat, friend.

It's all Greek.
STREP throat media is all GREEK
GREEK STREP THROAT:

1. alpha BROWN
2. beta not be CLEAR! (worst)
alpha BROWN or green media means
you got the M.V.P.S.
Strep throat alphas are MVPS:

MITIS
VIRIDIANS
PNEUMONIAE
SALIVARIUS
M.V.P.S. color blood agar? and what is it?
GREEN SHEEN!
ALPHA-hemolytic Streptococcus (strep throat):

Mitis/Viridians/Pneumoniae/Salivarius
Your strep culture BETA not be CLEAR - why not?
then you have BETA strep throat (worst) which is...
PYOGENES (PUS) or AGALACTIAE
If NO CHANGE in media of blood agar, you have strep throat _______
GAMMA

Gamma never liked change much, but she didn't LACTIS imagination.
Gamma never liked change much, but she didn't LACTIS imagination.
GAMMA -hemolytic streptococcus LACTIS

NO change to media so isn't really hemolytic at all
Enterococcus
MSA (mannitol salt agar) is a ________ media. It is selective for staph due to salt and differential between the two staphs (aureus and epidermidis) due to sugar/mannitol fermentation.
MULTI-FUNCTION media
Describe how MSA is selective for staph:
Mannitol SALT agar SELECTS for STAPH because staphylococcus (both forms of the bacteria) love salt = HALOPHILES
Describe how MSA is DIFFERENTIAL between S. Aureus and S. Epidermidis:
MANNITOL salt agar not only has salt to attract uber staphylococcus, but also has SUGAR...
S. AUREUS can FERMENT sugar so changes color of media to YELLOW
whereas S. EPIDERMIDIS cannot so media stays pink.
MSA plate with NO growth and NO color change
NO staph.
EMB plate
the dye EOSIN-METHYLENE BLUE
Multifunctional dye plate EOSIN-METHYLENE BLUE agar is selective for __________ and differentiates between _____________because you look at the COLors of the COLonies, not the media.
EMB:

Enterics
COLiforms

COLors of the COLonies:
E. coli = green sheen
Enterobacter = pink or blue
If it starts with an "E," name the media, the bacterium and the differentials...
*what is often affected if you are lactose intolerant?
Eosin-Methylene Blue agar plate
Enterics (selective)

COLiforms (differentiates between)
E. COLi (green sheen)
Enterobacter (pink or blue)

COLor of the COLonies

LACTOSE FERMENTATION
by E. coli or Enterobacter
Both EMB and Mac Conkey agars inhibit the growth of
NON-ENTERIC GRAM (-) RODS
&
GRAM (+) COCCI
Mac Conkey agars differentiate for?

Mac Conkey agars select for?-
Monkey agars select/entice enterics with Bile
and
differentiate between COLIlflowers (red/purple) and NON-COLiflowers (pale cream)
SABAROUD'S DEXTROSE
FUNGI

SUGAR + ACIDIC pH @ room temperature
Which plate is grown at room temperature?
Sabaroud's dextrose for fungi
Kirby-Bauer test
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE plate
describe KIRBY-BAUER test
Nutritive plate
Paper discs w/ specific concentrates of ANTIBIOTICS
Swab throat
Place discs at intervals - a ZONE OF INIHIBITION around disc shows how well that antibiotic works for subject
If the diameter of the ZONE OF INHIBITION around a disc in a Kirby-Bauer test is not measurable, then
measure the radius of the clear area and double it
As a rule, individual species of Streptococcus are classified based on their ___________ properties
hemolytic
As a rule, individual species of ______________are classified based on their hemolytic properties
Streptococcus
__________ hemolysis is caused by an oxidation of iron in hemoglobin, giving it a greenish color on blood agar
Streptococcus ALPHA
Streptococcus ALPHA hemolysis is caused by an oxidation of iron in hemoglobin, giving it a _________color on blood agar
GREEN SHEEN alpha
strep A is hemolytic agar _____________
green sheen!
_____hemolysis is complete rupture of red blood cells, giving distinct, wide, clear areas around bacterial colonies on blood agar
Streptococcus BETA
Beta-hemolysis is complete rupture of red blood cells, giving distinct, wide, _________areas around bacterial colonies on blood agar
clear because BETA is BAD - complete hemolysis
Other streptococci are labeled as _________hemolytic, actually a misnomer, as no hemolysis takes place.
gamma
a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia and occasional etiology of otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis and peritonitis
Streptococcus PNEUMONIAE (pneumococcus)

Alpha hemolytic is partial hemolysis