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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Warren G. Harding
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US President 1921-23; Republican in election of 1920; favored "a society of free nations" - rec'd support from those who wanted League and those who didn't - Republican landslide victory
Historians routinely categorize Harding as the worst President in US History, due to the incredibly corrupt nature of his Administration. |
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Calvin Coolidge
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Harding's running mate in 1920 election; US President 1923-29; Republican; became president after Harding's death; known as "Silent Cal"; made use of new medium of radio; last president who did not attempt to interfere with free markets, allowed business cycles to run their course.
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James M. Cox
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1920 election - Democratic candidate, loyal Wilson supporter; favored entry into the League of Nations
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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1920 election - Democratic running mate of James Cox; former asst. Sec. of Navy and governor of New York
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"a return to normalcy"
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weary from fighting a world war and disillusioned by the failure of Wilsons plans to create a new world order, Americans sought stability - Warren G. Harding (R)'s campaign slogan
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reparations
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payments for war damages; to pay its reparations Germany obtained private bank loans from other countries - especially the USA
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Four Power Naval Treaty 1921
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signed by US, GB, France & Japan; agreed to respect one another's Pacific holdings AND agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution
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Five-Power Naval Treaty
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US, GB, Japan, France & Italy agreed to freeze their navies at 1921 levels, no new naval construction in west Pacific, limited large warships, agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon.
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Nine-Power Naval Treaty
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the Big Four + Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, China -- endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence; they agreed not to take advantage of conditions in China to seek special rights or privileges
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Open Door Policy
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aggreement to preserve equal commercial rights in China and to refrain from taking advantage of conditions to seek special trade rights or privileges
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shortcomings of Washington Naval Conference
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5-Power Treaty - could still build smaller vessels, i.e., submarines & destroyers
4-Power Treaty - did not commit signers to active military defense of their allies 9-Power Treaty - made no provision for enforcement of the Open Door Policy |
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Fordney-McCumber Act 1922
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raised import duties to high levels protecting American agriculture and young industries;
authorized President to raise or lower duties by as much as 50% |
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technological unemployment
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caused by new manufacturing; jobs were lost as occupations became obsolete
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open shop
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promoted by employers; a shop where workers do not have to join a union to work; in practice meant a shop closed to union members
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welfare capitalism
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a system to make empoyees feel more a part of the business by enabling them to buy shares of stock, by instituting profit sharing, and by providng such fringe benefits as medical care, retirement pensions, and recreational facilities
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Herbert Hoover
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head of Food Administration during WWI; secretary of Commerce under Harding and Coolidge; became Republican Presidential nominee in 1928
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Emergency Quota Act 1921
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limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the US in 1910 according to census figures
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National Origins Act 1924
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made immigration restriction a permanent policy; would reduce quota further - more than 85% of the new immigrants would be from eastern Europe - intention was to discriminate against certain nationalities & races
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Sacco and Vanzetti case
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two Italian anarchists were arrested, tried and executed on charges of murder; many thought they were not given a fair trial because of prejudice of their ethnic backgrounds and political beliefs - it was a period of intense fear of Communism (Red Scare 1919-20)
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Albert Fall and the Teapot Dome Scandal
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Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall illegally transferred oil rights of US Navy reserves to Harry F. Sinclair (Sinclair Oil) without competitive bidding; Fall also conveyed other oil reserves for personal loans at no interest - he would receive more than $300,000 in bribes and would eventually go to prison
worst scandal of President Harding's administration |
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Ku Klux Klan
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secret society designed to intimidate African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and "foreign ideas"; by mid-1920s would become a force in American politics despite its willingness to use terror and violence
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William C. McAdoo
Alfred E. Smith |
1924 Democratic rivals for presidential nomination; McAdoo favored Prohibition; Smith was a Roman Catholic opponent of Prohibition; the two would deadlock in the convention - Democrats would lose all chance of winning the election
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Calvin Coolidge
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US President 1923-29; Republican slogan "Keep Cool with Coolidge" (the way to keep business thriving was not to "rock the boat" but to keep in power the party that favored business)
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Henry Ford
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founder of Ford Motor Company; one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of automobiles; pioneered use of standardized parts in automobile manufacturing; held off unionization of his factories by nearly doubling wages in 1914
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Model T Ford
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first automobile mass-produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts marketed to the middle class; in 1914 it would take only 93 minutes to assemble; only color was black
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assembly line
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divided operations into such simple tasks that most of the work could be done by unskilled labor -- this reduced costs of production
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General Motors and Chrysler
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automobile companies that competed with Ford
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domestic market
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the market composed of buyers and sellers within the country
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Farm Bloc
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members of Congress from Midwest & Plains states; forced through several laws favoring farmers, i.e., made farm cooperatives free of antitrust laws, set up federal banks to make loans to aid farm cooperatives
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McNary-Haugen Bill
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supported by Farm Bloc; proposed that the federal govt buy crop surpluses and sell them abroad while protected American farmers with a high tariff; would automatically raise the domestic price; Coolidge would veto this legislation insisting on a "free play of competition"
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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international attempt to outlaw war; 64 nations agreed to abandon war as an instrument of national policy and to settle disputes by peaceful means
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flapper
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refers to a young woman from the 1920s who would dress unconventionally and flaunt her disdain for "decent" behavior; demanded same freedoms enjoyed by men
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Mary McLoed Bethune
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African American who believed that through education, blacks could begin to earn a living in a country that still opposed racial equality - founded her own college & the National Council of Negro Women
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postwar disillusionment
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disappointment or dissatisfaction with the way things were after the war - often manifested as a criticism of American life; historicans reevaluated myths of American heroes
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John T. Scopes & the Scopes Monkey Trial
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court battle between religion and science; Scopes, a teacher in Dalton, TN, was arrested for teaching evolution; the ACLU wanted to test the antievolution law in TN; Scopes was found guilty and order to pay a fine for defying the ban on teaching evolution ; the Scopes trial would symbolize the tensions of the 1920s as society began to change
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Clarence Darrow
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one of the most famous American lawyers and civil libertarian; defended John Scopes in the "Monkey Trial"
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Williams Jennings Bryan
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prosecutor in the Scopes "Monkey" Trial; Fundamentalist preacher and three-time presidential candidate
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Harlem Renaissance
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a flowering of art and intellectualism in the US in the 1920s and early 1930s led by the African American community; it include jazz music, literature, the performing arts and painting
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