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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who were the Milesians?
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Milenesian School:
A pre-Socratic group of philosophers; 1. raised questions about the relationship between the natural world (kosmos), the gods, and men. 2. Sought explanations / made observations -> formulated scientific explanations for the working of the universe. 3. Did not believe in relying on Gods |
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Who were the sophists and how did they start as well?
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Travelling wise men who made their living by selling what they considered to be knowledge. This was actually just the questions, rather than the answers. This caused much frustration with them by other philosophical thinkers such as Aristotle or Socrates.
A part of their philosophy was that man could advance and guide himself based on wits alone. |
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What are the basic philosophical views of Socrates?
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what: should contemplate the nature of beauty,justice,truth, the
good/ ethics( how good human act). <-We can come up with answers. how: Using the Socratic method. why: Once we have developed the ideas of [Truth Beauty Justice the Good], we apply that to ourselves( we can only change ourselves). 469-399 bc. The unexamined life is not worth living |
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What are the basic philosophical views of Plato?
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- He had the assumption hat the rapidly changing nature of the world was because our sensory perception of the World couldn't be trusted
- our senses only give us a partial view as to the True Nature of the World -Think of the Allegory of the Cave |
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what are the basic philosophical views of Aristotle?
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1. Believed in the rigorous investigation of real phenomena in order to uncover the natural order of the universe relative to human beings
2. He prefered a system of checks and balances called polity, where monarchicalo, aistocratic, and democratic elements are combined. He believe free men could achieve their potential in his eay. 3. Predominately interested in Logic, Science, Ethics, Politics, and Metaphysics 4. Stated that philosophy existed because of the mind's ability to wander |
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Define the Socratic Method
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what: Socrates had the assumption that most of his students/men are smart enough to figure out this stuff by themselves or that they had the right answers in their mind.
how: His job was to ask the right questions, and they could come up with different/self-evident answers. why: because teaching was an iterative process (process of give and take). Everyone is able to figure out the meaning of the True Forms, and the teachers just has to ask the right questions 1. Logic and truth were inherent and that by asking the right sorts of questions to students, one would be able to "draw out" the correct answers. By asking different questions regarding truths and problem solving, one would be able to stimulate critical thinking and new ideas. |
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What were the POLITICAL views of Plato?
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- Plato believed that he would be able to find the ideal form of governance with the following factors:
-Guardians - Well educated, govern with the best interest of every citizen in mind -Philosophical kings - Required intelligence, character, and a good educations -Chosen from being the most educated children -Social harmony and order being more important than individual liberty or equality |
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What were the POLITICAL views of Aristotle?
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what: finding the ideal form of governance who the guardians and the philosophical kings were in charge how based on their intelligence, character, education (identify the smartest kids, best education)
why: they will govern with the best interest of everyone in mind. Downside: cannot be married/paid/ have wives/children. |
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What was Euclid famous for?
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“Elements of Geometry”
o Codified the work of others. Basically made a textbook of currently known mathematical theories. o Hipparchus – lanid the foundations for both plane and spherical trigonometry o Eratosthenes of Alexandria – accurately calculated the circumference of the earth within 20 miles |
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What was Archimedes famous for?
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- Archimedes – discovered the law of floating bodies, or “specific gravity”
o Also established the principles of the lever, screw, pulley, compound puller, and propeller |
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What was Aristarchus famous for?
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deduced that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun
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What was Herophilis famous for?
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human dissection. Detailed description of the brain, discovery that the arteries contained blood alone and their function
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What was Erasistratus famous for?
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cut people open alive, “vivisection”
o Discovered |
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In what ways did Greek and Roman civilization differ?
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1. Focus
a. Greeks: On the individual/individual achievement. That logic and reason show one how to act. b. Romans: On the republic/empire/family/ancestors. Religion and tradition or the Collective Good. 2. Economy a. Greeks: a diverse and mutually beneficial market-economy of farmers, artisans, and service b. Romans: a demand economy 3. Force/Power: a. Greeks: had de-centralized alliances and collonized to expand - enlarged by acceptance b. Romans: centralized, used a land-based army to conquer |
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What are three aspects of Roman geography?
Their implications? |
a. Rome’s location on the tribe river was advantageous.Trading ships could navigate the river as far as the city. So, Rome could serve as a commercial port.
b. Rome was surrounded by sea. This made it easily to defend Rome. c. Rome was nested on the seventh hill that ringed the settlement. Its central market place would become the world’s most populous and powerful city. |
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Two advances in governance the Romans gave us?
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a. Republicanism- self- governance by representatives, who are to govern on behalf of all the people. ***To make a republic work, the people must be educated and morally virtuous.
b.Separation of power- to avoid the abuse of power, separate it and assign it to different individuals and/ or bodies in a predetermined manner. |
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What is necessary for a Consul to Exist?
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tba
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How was the early republic governed and organized?
(Think Top-Down model) |
The government was headed by two elected officers called consuls. the consuls are chosen by the citizens and serve only for one year. the consuls deal with making laws, justice and commanding army. The Senate who are from the land owning family debate and propose legislations.
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Who was Octavian?
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Grand-nephew/ adopted son of Julius Caesar.
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How did Octavian govern?
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Set’s up a governing style that stay for years- other emperors model them after it. This is how the Empire gets to its greatest extent::
1.He rules humbly/works with the Senate. Senate-gives him more power. Does not openly try to get power. Presents himself as the first citizen. 2.Tries to restore Roman morality/ traditions and values that made Rome great. So that all Roman citizens can prosper. 3. Reforms the Army (professional standing army: standardized training/weapons/pay. Allegiance is to Rome. --they will do anything he wants) Praetorian guard(small group 500-10000, their job was to protect the emperor and the Senate [the government]; ordered to kill/do their bidding) 4. Rules wisely: reforms the tax system/revalues the currency/ allows the provinces to have some self control. 5. He conquered more land than any other Roman leader and he rules for 45 years. |
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What are three types of Roman law?
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1.civil law: law of Rome and its citizens, written/unwritten law created by the Senate/consuls/emperors
2.law of nations: international law-authorized slavery/protected private ownership of property/defined the laws of business(contracts) the laws that every civilized society openly recognized. general ideas 3. natural law: a product of philosophical construct. ideas: concept of equality in the court of law. (all Roman citizens are equal in a court of law) concept of justice(should be first and foremost- is the law doesn’t, a just verdict it can be redone). More power than civil law and law of nations. |
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What were the five types of Jews in the 1st centry?
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-The Zealots: extreme jews, They were against Roman rule. You could not openly be a zealot; they would meet in private and converse. Self-defying group by their hatred of Rome (ans) and their desire to kick them out .
The Sadducees: Elite jews who collaborated closely with Rome. the elite Jews, controlled the temple priesthood,scribes, run the religion of Judaism. Claimed the right to control the interpretation of the Torah. interpreted the Korah strictly. about them: 1.conservative because they are the ones who control the religion, enforcers. run the ecclesiastical courts, they could kick you out of church. 2. they have acceptance of the Romans→govern 3-5% -The Pharisees: What some Jews believed Jesus was. middling sort (in the cities/towns{positions and status}) Puis Jews- support the Sadducees (they will do what they can socially to make sure that the religion is practiced well.) Also, have a begrudging acceptance of Roman rule - they do business with Rome. They were business people -The Essenes: A quasi-monastic group that hoped for spiritual deliverance through repentance, asceticism, and sectarian separation from their fellow jews.They withdrew from society, their main goal was to get the Jews to renew their relationships with Yahweh. Went around preaching and trying to get them to wake up. 1% The Regular Jews: They were from the lower class. Shepherds/farmers. They were the laborers, these were the ones that Jesus focused on. |
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Give a brief outline on the life of Jesus.
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-born in 4 bce. : Bethlehem-> Mary and Joseph who were betrothed, and Mary got pregnant by the holy spirit.
- 12 years old : Preaching to people in the temple at Jerusalem with the scribes/rabiis. Jesus was doing this when he was having the Bar Mitzvah<-They lived in Nazareth, too far to travel every Sabbath -30 yrs old: endorsed by a Jewish preacher of moral reform (the- prophet) Baptised by JtheB, spends the next three years teaching, preaching, healing. Ministers to the folks who really need them- working on his mission. Preaches with parables. -33 yrs old: goes in the city for Passover. They treat him like a king (palms- showing a sign of respect by laying the palms down (no dust). 1. He ****** of the Zealots- they want him to lead their effort to kick the Romans out. He says no. 2. He ****** of the money changers(Pharisees) - money in front of the Temple. They are making money in front of the temple, so Jesus flips the table. 3. He ****** of the Sadducees- when he comes into the temple. -Thursday night: he has the Last Supper- he tells them that he is about to die, and that someone will betray him ( but to not be sad). He wanted them to do the bread/wine thing together. -Goes to the garden to pray: They get him and charge him with Blasphemy, but they cannot kill him (by the Sadducees->they invite the Pharisees). -Friday- they take him to Pontius Pilate. Try three times but the only one that worked was that Jesus was the king of the Jews, so it was bad for him as the King of Rome. He is then paraded through town with the cross on his back, his followers help him. He is put on his cross on the mountain. -Late Friday: mummified and put in the tomb -Sunday: 2 Marys go to the tomb, Jesus is not there so an angel greets them. Jesus meets up with them and preachers for the next 40 days. |
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What was Jesus's Mission?
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His mission was to reform Judaism: wants them Jews/Hebrews to get on track with Yahweh.
Offers them the third covenant: Focused on/ offered a New Covenant between God and man.-- Love God and to love yourself |
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Give a brief outline of Saul (Paul)'s life
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-born in 10AD in Tarsus 2 things: 1.born a Phrasee 2. born a Roman citizen
-18 yrs old: decides to become a Sadducee, goes to Jerusalem for his education. He was an enforcer: sent out to harass the Jesus followers and got paid for it by the Sad. -36AD: on the road to Damascus, and Jesus come to him as a light and tells him to leave his followers alone and be a follower of Jesus. becomes an advocate of the Jesus followers, but they do not believe him. He wants it to be a new religion. --changed his name to Paul, he says that this is not just a reformed judaism but Christianity |
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How did Saul (Paul) create Christianity?
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1.says it was more than Judaism
2. Travels immensely and starts new churches/congregations in cities 3. Writes extensively explaining Christianity to those churches (13 letters that make up those chapters in the NT) 4. Creates 2 sacraments: (ceremony for the followers)Baptism (what Jesus went through) and Eucharist (the body and blood of Christ) |
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Why did some come to reject the Sophists?
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They were rejected because they were of the idea that all actions could be justified wih knowledge. This also extended to the grounds of brutality and monstruous acts. Not needing the consequences or answers didn't fall in line with much philosophy.
They also had the ability to persuade and manipulate others since they didn't offer the answers to life's philosophical questions |
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What is the Allegory of the Cave?
(Just get the basic ideas down) |
Socrates describe a gathering of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows. According to Plato's Socrates, the shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall do not make up reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners.
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Describe the Zealots (sect of Jews):
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-The Zealots: extreme jews, They were against Roman rule. You could not openly be a zealot; they would meet in private and converse. Self-defying group by their hatred of Rome (ans) and their desire to kick them out .
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Describe the Sadducees (sect of Jews):
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The Sadducees: Elite jews who collaborated closely with Rome. the elite Jews, controlled the temple priesthood,scribes, run the religion of Judaism. Claimed the right to control the interpretation of the Torah. interpreted the Korah strictly. about them: 1.conservative because they are the ones who control the religion, enforcers. run the ecclesiastical courts, they could kick you out of church.
2. they have acceptance of the Romans→govern 3-5% |
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Describe The Pharisees (sect of Jews):
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What some Jews believed Jesus was.
middling sort (in the cities/towns{positions and status}) Puis Jews- support the Sadducees (they will do what they can socially to make sure that the religion is practiced well.) Also, have a begrudging acceptance of Roman rule - they do business with Rome. They were business people |
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Describe The Essenes (sect of Jews):
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-The Essenes: A quasi-monastic group that hoped for spiritual deliverance through repentance,
asceticism, and sectarian separation from their fellow jews.They withdrew from society, their main goal was to get the Jews to renew their relationships with Yahweh. Went around preaching and trying to get them to wake up. 1% |
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Describe The Regular Jews:
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The Regular Jews: They were from the lower class. Shepherds/farmers. They were the laborers, these were the ones that Jesus focused on.
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