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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Water makes up how much of an adult's body weight?
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60%`
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How much of lean tissue is water? fat?
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3/4
1/4 |
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Water weight is mostly dependent on .....
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body composition
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Water balance
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intake= output
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What happens to the blood when water intake is low?
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the blood becomes concentrated (having lost water but not the dissolved substances in it)
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What happens when water intake becomes excessive?
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the stomach expands and stretch receptors send signals to stop drinking
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List the symptoms of water intoxication
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confusion, convulsions, and death
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Excess water intake contributes to what disorder? How many liters of water are needed to get this disorder?
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hyponatremia - too little sodium in the blood
10-20 L *abundant in endurance athletes |
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What is the recommended amount of water ingestion?
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1-1.5 L
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Which type of food contains the most amount of water?
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fruits and vegetables (90%)
meats and cheeses (50%) |
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_______ brain center controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite
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hypothalamus
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How much urine must the body excrete each day? What is this called?
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500 mL (2 cups)
Obligatory water excretion |
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Water needs vary depending on what 4 factors?
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diet
activity environmental temperature humidity |
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Give the AI total water intake for men and women
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men- 3.7L/day
women- 2.7 L/day |
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What two substances act as diuretics in the body?
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caffeine and alcohol
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Mild dehydration interferes with.....
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concentration
alertness short-term memory |
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Ions in hard water
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calcium and magnesium
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Ions in soft water
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sodium or potassium
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Soft water with sodium ________ hypertension and heart disease while hard water may _______ these conditions.
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aggravate
benefit |
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_____ maintain blood volume, in turn influencing blood pressure.
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fluids
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What structure of the body is central to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?
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the kidneys
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ADH is secreted by what structure of the body?
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pituitary gland
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What does ADH do?
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water-conserving hormone.
whenever blood volume or blood pressure falls too low, or extracellular fluid becomes too concentrated, ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. |
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Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing the enzyme ______.
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renin
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What does renin do?
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causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium- accompanied by water retention
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What does angiotensin do? What hormone aids in the conversion to its active form?
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vasoconstricton, thus raising BP
renin |
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Aldosterone is secreted from what structure in the body?
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adrenal gland
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What does aldosterone do? Which hormone stimulates its release?
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sodium reabsoprtion
angiotensin |
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What substance depresses ADH ?
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alcohol
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Since ADH elevates BP, it is also called...
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a vasopressin
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Too much sodium causes....
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water retention, and a rise in BP or swelling in the interstitial spaces
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Maintaining a balance of about ____ of the body fluids inside the cells and ____ outside of the cell is vital to the life of cells.
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2/3
1/3 |
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Electrolyte
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salts that disassociate into ions
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How much are the positive charged inside the cells? the negative charges outside of the cell?
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202
155 |
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Electrolytes attract water. But the water molecule has a charge of zero. How does this attraction occur?
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the oxygen side of the molecule has a slight negative charge while the hydrogen side has a slight positive charge both attracting clusters of water
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Name the electrolytes that reside inside of the cell? outside of the cell?
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inside- K+, Mg+, P
outside- Na+, Cl- |
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Osmosis
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The movement of water across a membrane toward the more concentrated solutes
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Osmotic pressure
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The amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane
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What is the role of a protein in fluid balance?
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attracts water and helps to regulate the fluid of movement
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What is the role of the transport protein specifically?
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regulates the passage of positive ions across the cell membrane
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Sodium-Potassium pump
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exchanges sodium for potassium across the cell membrane, regulating the flow of fluids and ions in and out of the cell
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Where does regulation chiefly occur?
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GI tract and kidneys
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Vomiting and/or diarrhea facilitates the loss of what electrolyte?
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sodium
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Oral Rehydration Therapy
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1/2 L boiling water
4 tsps of sugar 1/2 tsp of salt treats dehydration |
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How is the acidity of the body determined?
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by the concentration of hydrogen ions
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List the three systems that defend the body against the fluctuations in pH
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buffers in blood, respiration in lungs, and excretion in kidneys
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List the steps in the energy metabolism of carbon dioxide
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carbon dioxide --> carbonic acid--> disassociates to form bicarbonate ions plus H+
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Compensation mechanism of a low pH (acidosis/too much H+/too acidic)
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respiration rate increases (hyperventilation), increasing CO2-in turn, lowering the carbonic acid
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Compensation mechanism of a high pH
(alkalosis/H+ is removed/too basic) |
respiration rate decreases, CO2 is retained forming carbonic acid
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Major minerals are name don the basis of...
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in the presence and by the fact that they are needed in larger amounts in the body
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Minerals are organic or inorganic?
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inorganic
does not contain carbon and they always retain their chemical identity |
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List the three key fluid balance nutrients
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sodium, potassium and chloride
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Components of salt
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sodium chloride
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Sodium
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-principal cation of the extracellular fluid
and primary regulator of its volume -maintains acid-base balance -essential to nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction |
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Upper level of sodium for adults
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2300 mg per day
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People most likely to have salt sensitivity
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-parents with high BP
-chronic kidney disease -diabetes (african-americans, people over 50) |
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Daily recommended intake of salt?
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1 tsp
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DASH
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Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
lowers blood pressure, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, and low-fat milk products |
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An intake high in salt is also associated with increased ____ secretion
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calcium
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Why are salt tablets not recommended for a sodium deficiency?
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too much salt causes dehydration
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List the immediate symptoms of acute sodium toxicity
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edema and hypertension
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Chloride
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major anion in extracellular fluid
*occurs mostly in association with sodium |
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Potassium
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body's principal intracellular cation
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Richest sources of potassium
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fresh foods
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Effect of low potassium intake?
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elevated blood pressure
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How is potassium deficiency characterized?
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-increased blood pressure
-salt sensitivity -kidney stones -bone turnover |
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Calcium
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most abundant mineral in the body
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2 roles of calcium
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bone structure and serves as a calcium bank
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Hydroxyapatite
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crystals made of calcium and phosphate (basis of bone structure)
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Calcium in intracellular fluids bind to proteins within the cells and activates them. What do these cells do?
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participate in muscle contractions, transmission of nerve impulses, secretion of hormones, and the activation of some enzymes reactions
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The higher the calcium intake, the _____ the body fatness
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lower
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Calcium homeostasis involves......
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a system of hormones and vitamin D
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These organ system respond when calcium falls too low or rises too high
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intestines, bones and kidneys
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Two hormones that aid in returning calcium to normal
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parathyroid hormone
calcitonin |
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Blood calcium changes only in response to....
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abnormal regulatory control, not diet
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Calcium rigor
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blood calcium above normal -muscles contract and cannot relax
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Calcium tetany
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blood calcium below normal- muscles contract and cannot relax
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What causes calcium tetany and rigor?
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a lack of vitamin D or by abnormal secretion of the regulatory hormones
NOT calcium |
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What is the role of stomach acidity and vitamin D in calcium?
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stomach acidity helps to keep calcium soluble
vitamin D helps to make the calcium-binding protein for absorption (whenever calcium is needed) |
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Two binders that interfere with calcium absorption
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phytate and oxalate
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How are calcium recommendations made?
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based on the amount needed to retain the most calcium in bones
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Calcium recommendations
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1300 mg- adolescents to 18 years
1000mg- 19 and 50 1200mg- after 50 |
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Alternate food sources of calcium
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tofu, corn tortillas, some nuts (almonds), and some seeds (sesame seeds)
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Food that contains calcium binders
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spinach
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Bone loss begins primarily during what ages?
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between 30 and 40
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How many people does osteoporosis effect?
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44 million people in the US, mostly older women
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Phosphorus
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-in hydroxyapatite (bone formation)
-buffer system of phosphoric acid and its salts -part of DNA and RNA and is necessary for all growth -assists in energy metabolism |
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Food sources of phosphorus
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foods rich in proteins
milk and cheese |
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Magnesium
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-over half of the body's magnesium is in bones
-reservoir to normal blood concentrations -necessary for energy metabolism |
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Major role of magnesium
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act as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to the high energy compound-ATP
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Together with calcium, magnesium is involved in......
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blood clotting and muscle contraction
calcium PROMOTES the processes, magnesium INHIBITS them |
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Magnesium supports the normal functioning of the _______ system
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immune
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Food sources of magnesium
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legumes, seeds, and nuts
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How does magnesium deficiency develop?
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-alcohol abuse
-protein malnutrition -kidney disorders -prolonged vomiting and diarrhea |
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Effect of magnesium deficiency
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impairs central nervous system activity and may be responsible for the hallucinations experienced during alcohol withdrawal
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How does the body receive sulfate? What is its role?
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from the amino acids methionine and cysteine
stabilizes protein structure |
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Trace materials contents of foods depend on....
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soil and water composition and how the foods are processed
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What is the most common result of a deficiency in children?
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failure to grow
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List two ionic states of Iron
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Ferrous iron- reduced state
Ferric iron- oxidized state *Iron can serve as a cofactor to enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Electron Transport Chain
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carries transfer hydrogens and electrons to oxygen, forming water and in the process ATP
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Most of the body's iron is found in two proteins. Name them
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hemoglobin in RBC
myoglobin in muscle cells |
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Iron helps accept, carry, and then release....
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oxygen
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This transports iron to the rest of the body
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blood transferrin
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How often are intestinal cells replaced?
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every 3-5 days
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Iron occurs in two forms in foods. Name them and its food sources
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heme iron-found only in foods derived from the flesh of animals
non-heme iron- plant and animal derived foods |
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MFP factor
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promotes the absorption of nonheme iron from other foods consumed in the same meal
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List two factors that enhance nonheme iron absorption
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MFP factor
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
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Factors that inhibit nonheme factors
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-phytates (legumes, grains and rice)
-vegetable proteins -calcium -tannic acid |
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When multiple meals are analyzed together, three factors appear to be most prevalent. Name them
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MFP and vitamin C as enhancers; phytates as inhibitors
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What three factors does iron absorption depend on?
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-health of individual
-stage in life cycle -iron status |
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Where is surplus iron stored?
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protein ferritin, primarily in the liver, but also in the bone marrow and spllen
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Hemosiderin
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occurs from high iron concentrations, storage protein primarily made in times of iron overload
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How long does the average blood cell live?
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4 months
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Hepicidin
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produced bu the liver, helps to maintain blood iron within the normal range by inhibiting absorption from the intestines and transport out of storages as needed
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Most common nutrient deficiency
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iron deficiency
*affects 1.2 billion people |
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What group, specifically, are most prone to iron deficiency? Why?
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women in their productive years
repeated blood losses during menstruation |
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Explain the three stages of iron deficiency
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-iron stores diminish
-transport iron decreases -hemoglobin production declines |
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Name the hemoglobin precursor
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erythrocyte protoporhyrin
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Iron deficiency
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depleted body iron stores without regard to the degree of depletion
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Iron deficiency anemia
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severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration
*RBCs are hypochronic (pale) and microcytic (small) |
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Poor resistance to cold temperatures is a sign of what disorder?
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iron deficiency
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In anemia, people feel fatigue.....
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only when they exert themselves
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List the typical behavior of someone with iron deficiency
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they appear unmotivated, apathetic and are less physically fit
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Pica
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an appetite for ice, clay, paste, and other nonfood substances
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Hemochromatosis
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iron overload disorder caused by a genetic failure to prevent uneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed
*caused by the absence of hepcidin *most common genetic disorder in the US |
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What group does iron overload most affect?
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men
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Iron is linked with cancer because of its...
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free radical activity, which damages DNA
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Upper level of Iron
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45 mg
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Leading cause of accidental poisoning in children
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iron-containing supplements
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How much iron is recommended for women in their productive years?
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18 mg
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For maximum absorption of nonheme iron, what foods should be consumed?
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meat for MFP factor
vegetables for Vitamin C |
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What are contamination irons?
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iron found in foods as the result of contamination by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware, soils and the like
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When taking supplements, when is absorption most improved?
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taken between meals, at bedtime on an empty stomach
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Why is there no benefit to take Vitamin C with supplements?
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Vitamin C does not enhance absorption from supplements as it does from foods
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List a common side effect or iron supplementation
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constipation
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Where are the highest concentrations of zinc found in the human body
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muscle and bone
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Metalloenzymes
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involved in a variety of metabolic processes, including gene regulation and metabolism.
*metallothionein regulates zinc absorption |
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Enteropancreatic circulation
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the recycling of zinc in the body from the pancreas to the intestine and back
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What is zinc's main transport vehicle in the blood?
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albumin
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Zinc inhibits _____ absorption
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iron
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Zinc deficiency directly impairs ______ metabolism
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Vitamin A
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Iodine and Iodide
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Iodine refers to the nutrient in foods
Iodide to what it becomes in the body |
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Iodide in an integral part of what hormones? What does this hormone do?
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thyroid hormones
regulates metabloic rate, body temp, reproduction, growth, etc |
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What hormone does the thyroid gland release?
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thyroxine
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How does the hypothalmus regulate thyroid hormone production?
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by controlling the release of PTH (pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone)
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Goiter is associated with Iodine deficiency. This is due to the consumption of foods with the antithyroid substance___in them.
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goitrogen
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Cretinism
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congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation caused by maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy
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What is the Upper Level of iodine toxicity?
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110 mg
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What is the world's major source of iodine?
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ocean
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Selenium works primarily as a part of what two proteins?
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glutathione and peroxidase
*work in tandem with vitamin E |
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Where is Selenium found?
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in the soil, crops grown for consumption
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What are the effects of Selenium toxicity?
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loss and brittleness of hair and nails, garlic breath, odor and nervous system abnormalities
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Two disorders that affect copper status
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Menkes disease- intestinal cells absorb copper but can not release it
Wilson's disease- copper accumulates in the liver and brain |
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Manganese
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acts as a cofactor for many enzymes that facilitate the metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids
*metalloenzymes assist in bone formation and conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound |
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What two ions limit manganese absorption?
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iron and calcium
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How is a manganese toxicity most likely to occur?
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from an environment contaminated with manganese rather than dietary intake
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List the nation' s most widespread health problem
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dental caries
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When does flurosis occur?
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during tooth development
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List foods that contain fluoride
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water (w/flouride), fish and most reas
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Chromium
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helps maintain glucose homeostasis by enhancing the activity of the hormone insulin
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What are the best food sources of Chromium?
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unrefined foods, particularly liver, brewer's yeast and whole grains
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Most notable effect of containment minerals
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causes irreversible damage to the CNS
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Key antioxidants nutrients
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vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and Selenium
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List the containment minerals
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heavy metals, lead, mercury, and cadmium
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Chelating agents
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medications that bind specifically to lead and carry it out in the urine
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Why are heavy metals bad for the body?
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They interfere with nutrients that are trying to do their jobs
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Functional foods
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foods that maintain health and prevent disease
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Physiological effects of phytochemicals
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antioxidants, mimic hormones, suppress diseases
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Lycopene
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powerful antioxidant that inhibits the growth of cancer cells
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Flavonoids
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antioxidant that protects aganist LDL and reduce blood clots
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Phytosterols reduce cholesterol. Give 3 other examples of functional foods
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cranberries protect against UTIs
-garlic lowers blood cholesterol -tomatoes protect against some cancer |
