Nutritional Pathology

Front 1

Carbohydrates

Back 1

digestion begins in mouth

Front 2

Fats

Back 2

digestion begins in small intestine

Front 3

Essential fatty acid deficiency

Back 3

dermatitis, hair loss, poor wound healing

Front 4

Proteins

Back 4

digestion begins in stomach

Front 5

Kwashiorkor

Back 5

dec protein intake; dec visceral protein; hypoalbuminemia (pitting edema); fatty liver

Front 6

Marasmus

Back 6

total calorie deprivation; dec somatic protein; broomstick extremities

Front 7

Anorexia nervosa

Back 7

starvation; secondary amenorrhea (dec GnRH); osteoporosis; ventricular MC COD

Front 8

Body mass index (BMI):

Back 8

weight in kg/height in m2

Front 9

Obesity

Back 9

hypertension (MC), cholecystitis, osteoarthritis, type 2 DM, endometrial/breast cancer

Front 10

Leptin

Back 10

obesity gene product released from adipose; maintains energy balance

Front 11

Rx acute promyelocytic leukemia

Back 11

All-trans retinoic acid; matures blasts to neutrophils

Front 12

Vitamin A systemic effect

Back 12

maintain visual purple, prevent squamous metaplasia, growth

Front 13

Vitamin A deficiency

Back 13

night blindness; blindness; squamous metaplasia

Front 14

Vitamin A toxicity

Back 14

inc intracerebral pressure; papilledema; hepatic necrosis

Front 15

Vitamin D systemic effects

Back 15

maintain ionized Cat+; mineralization of bone

Front 16

Vitamin D metabolism

Back 16

skin photoconversion or reabsorb in gut -> 1st hydroxylation liver

Front 17

Vitamin D metabolism (activation)

Back 17

2nd hydroxylation proximal tubule (1-a-hydroxylase)

Front 18

Vitamin D deficiency

Back 18

dec mineralization; pathologic fractures; rickets children; osteomalacia adults

Front 19

Causes of Vit D deficiency

Back 19

renal failure MCC; malabsorption; liver disease; dec sunlight

Front 20

Labs in Vit D deficiency

Back 20

dec Ca2+, dec phosphate (malabsorption), inc phosphate in renal failure, inc PTH

Front 21

Hypervitaminosis D

Back 21

inc Cat+, renal stones

Front 22

Vitamin E function

Back 22

prevents FR damage of cell membrane

Front 23

Vitamin E deficiency

Back 23

hemolytic anemia; posterior column/spinocerebellar tract degeneration

Front 24

Vitamin E toxicity

Back 24

dec synthesis vitamin K-dependent procoagulation factors; anticoagulated

Front 25

Vitamin K function

Back 25

gamma-carboxylates vitamin K-dependent factors: prothrombin, VII, IX, X, protein C/S

Front 26

Vitamin K deficiency

Back 26

dec epoxide reductase activity (dec function vitamin K); hemorrhagic diathesis; inc PT

Front 27

Warfarin

Back 27

inhibits epoxide reductase

Front 28

Causes of vitamin K deficiency

Back 28

antibiotics MC, newborn, malabsorption, warfarin

Front 29

Thiamine functions

Back 29

transketolase; dehydrogenase reactions (NADH for ATP synthesis)

Front 30

Example of dehydrogenase reaction

Back 30

pyruvate -> acetyl CoA; pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 31

Thiamine deficiency

Back 31

alcohol MCC; dec ATP synthesis

Front 32

S/S of thiamine deficiency

Back 32

dry beriberi- Wernicke's, Korsakoffs, peripheral neuropathy; wet beriberi- cardiomyopathy

Front 33

Niacin

Back 33

oxidation reduction reactions; NAD, NADP

Front 34

Niacin deficiency

Back 34

pellagra; dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

Front 35

Tryptophan important in

Back 35

synthesis of niacin, serotonin

Front 36

Tryptophan deficiency

Back 36

Hartnup's disease (dec reabsorption neutral amino acids); carcinoid syndrome

Front 37

S/S of niacin deficiency

Back 37

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia

Front 38

Corn diet

Back 38

deficient in niacin and tryptophan

Front 39

Pyridoxine

Back 39

heme synthesis, transamination, neurotransmitter synthesis

Front 40

Cause of pyridoxine deficiency

Back 40

taking isoniazid

Front 41

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

Back 41

sideroblastic anemia; convulsions; peripheral neuropathy

Front 42

Vitamin B12/folate

Back 42

DNA maturation, odd chain fatty acid metabolism (propionyl CoA)

Front 43

Vitamin B12/folate deficiency

Back 43

macrocytic anemia

Front 44

Biotin

Back 44

carboxylase reactions (pyruvate -> oxaloacetate)

Front 45

Cause of biotin deficiency

Back 45

eating raw eggs (avidin binds vitamin)

Front 46

S/S of biotin deficiency

Back 46

alopecia, dermatitis

Front 47

Vitamin C

Back 47

antioxidant, reduce ferric iron, hydroxylation proline/lysine, dopamine -> norepinephrine

Front 48

Vitamin C deficiency

Back 48

scurvy; hemorrhagic diathesis; poor wound healing

Front 49

Alkalotic state

Back 49

lowers ionized Ca2+ producing tetany; total Ca2+ normal

Front 50

Hypoalbuminemia

Back 50

lowers total Cat+; no tetany

Front 51

Hypophosphatemia

Back 51

decreased ATP; myoglobinuria

Front 52

Hypomagnesemia

Back 52

causes hypocalcemia by inhibiting PTH synthesis/release

Front 53

Zinc deficiency

Back 53

poor wound healing; dysgeusia (cannot taste); anosmia; perioral rash

Front 54

Copper deficiency

Back 54

iron deficiency; poor wound healing (cofactor lysyl oxidase); aortic dissection

Front 55

Iodine deficiency

Back 55

produces goiter and hypothyroidism

Front 56

Chromium deficiency

Back 56

glucose intolerance

Front 57

Selenium

Back 57

antioxidant that neutralizes peroxide

Front 58

Fluoride deficiency

Back 58

dental caries