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78 Cards in this Set

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Define: NUTRITION
the science of supplying animals with proper nutrients in the appropriate amounts in order for them to remain healthy.
What characteristics does good nutrition promote? (7)
1. optimum growth 2. health (strong immune system) 3. longevity 4. successful reproduction 5. efficient production 6. profit 7. pleasure & pride of owner (good coat, skin, body condition, etc)
What does bad/poor nutrition cause?
1. stunting (poor growth) 2. low immune system (higher risk for disease) 3. shorter life span 4. poor or no reproduction 5. lowered or no production 6. no profit
What is a nutrient?
any food constituent that helps support life; a component of food
What are the energy producing nutrients? (3)
1. proteins 2. lipids/fats 3. carbohydrates
What are the non-energy producing nutrients? (3)
1. water 2. minerals 3. vitamins
What is an energy-producing nutrient?
a nutrient, which after absorption produces the energy to enable the animal to live - provides energy for exercise as well as basic energy requirements for the metabolism of the animal
What factors must we assess in order to determine energy requirements? (4)
1. life stage (ie growth vs lacatation vs senior) 2. state of health (ie. body weight/condition, consistency & volume of stool, hair coat dull/flaky, underlying disease 3. level of activity 4. environmental conditions (ie. temperature extremes, stress)
Define: calorie
measurement of the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C
1 kcal = ____ calories
1000
Define: GROSS ENERGY (GE)
the amount of heat released when the food is completely burned, measured in kcal/kg of food
Define: DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE)
the amount of energy left over when some of the gross energy is lost in the feces
Define: METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (ME)
the amount of energy left over when some of the gross energy is lost in the feces, urine and combustible gas (flatulation)
Define: NET ENERGY (NE)
the amount of energy remaining when ME loses some energy in heat production (from digestion, absorption, etc)
What are proteins?
large, complex molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
What distinguishes protein from fats and carbohydrates?
nitrogen
Nitrogen makes up about ____ % of a protein
16
What is the basic component of a protein?
amino acids (essential and non-essential)
What is the difference between non-essential and essential amino acids?
the animal is unable to synthesize essential amino acids at all, or in sufficient amounts.
How many primary amino acids are there?
22
What are the 11 essential amino acids for the dog and cat?
arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalamine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, taurine (cats only)
What are the 4 functions of proteins?
1. structural component of organs and soft tissues (i.e. building blocks for hair, claws, skin, muscle, etc) 2. components of enzymes, hormones and antibodies 3. provide energy 4. growth, development and repair of body tissues
What do cats have higher protein requirements than dogs?
cats have an increased metabolic rate and are inefficient at using carbohydrates for energy
Cats require _____ % more protein than dogs
50%
What happens to protein once the animals need has been met?
converted to ammonia (toxic), converts it to urea by the liver, kidneys excrete urea
What should we be concerned about regarding dietary protein with certain medical conditions?
if the animal has any liver or kidney problems, the protein in the diet must be appropriate (low protein) and a very high quality, useable protein
What is meant by the BIOLOGICAL VALUE of a protein?
protein quality, determined by the number of E.A.A. (essential amino acids)
the __________ the biological value of a protein, the _______ the animal requires to meet its need
higher, less
What factors could lead to a protein deficiency?
1. inadequate intake 2. inadequate amount of other energy nutrients (ie. fats or carbs) 3. poor quality proteins 4. increased protein loss (disease, burn)
What types of health problems could occur due to a protein deficiency? (3)
poor growth, weight loss, performance and production problems
What can occur with a deficiency of taurine in cats? (2)
cardiomyopathy, feline central retinal degeneration (after 5-7 months without taurine)
What can occur with a deficient of arginine in the diet?
causes problems converting ammonia to urea, toxicity can cause within hours (more severe in cats). often seen in animals fed only table scraps
What are lipids/fats?
the most concentrated energy source
1 g of fat = ____ times the energy in 1 g of protein or carbohydrate
2.25 times
Why are lipids not considered an essential energy source?
an animal can get enough energy if the diet has adequate amounts of proteins and carbohydrates
Why are lipids included in an animal's diet?
very concentrated energy, very palatable, improves texture and flavour, essential for absorption of soluble vitamins
What are lipids made up of?
composed of fatty acids (essential and non-essential) and glycerol
What are the 2 sources for lipids in an animal?
diet (EFAs and NEFAs), created in the body (NEFAs)
How are lipids grouped?
by their status at room temperature
What are the two groups of lipids?
oils, fats
What are the characteristics of oils?
liquid at room temperature, unsaturated, usually from plant source
What are the characteristics of fats?
solid at room temperature, saturated, usually from animal source
What are the functions of fats/lipids? (5)
1. energy storage (stored as triglycerides and present under skin, around vital organs and in the membranes surrounding intestines) 2. insulation and organ support 3. transport and absorption of fat soluble vitamins 4. skin health (keeps moisture in and debris out) 5. enhances taste of food
What are the fatty acids considered to be essential to the cat and dog? (3)
linoleic, arachidonic, linolenic
What is Linoleic? (note: no second "N")
the main unsaturated fatty acid found in vegetable oils
What is Arachidonic?
saturated fatty acid acquired mainly from animal fats and fish, can be synthesized from linoleic acid in dog but NOT in cat, many fish oils contain certain fatty acids that can inhibit the animal's ability to use arachidonic acid and can lead to deficiences
What is Linolenic? (note: different from Linoleic)
can be synthesized by both cat and dog if they have sufficient amounts of linoleic acid, best sources are vegetable oils (corn, soybean)
What does the term "energy dense diet" mean?
diets which contain a high concentration of fat, increased energy with less volume
Why do you have to be careful when feeding an energy dense diet? (3)
1. can lead to obesity 2. often do not contain fillers and are more palatable therefore animal likes to eat more 3. animal can consume lower amount of food, so need to ensure other nutrients are in sufficient quantities so they do not lead to deficiency
What is an antioxidant?
substance which inhibits the oxidation of another substance (ie. stops the breakdown of another substance)
Why do diets high in fat need high levels of antioxidants?
fat is easily oxidized and can become rancid, once fat is oxidized it is of no value and the animal can become deficient
How do fat deficiences usuallly manifest themselves? (3)
1. skin problems (ie. loss of moisture from skin=dandruff), 2. hair coat problems, 3. can become deficient due to inadequate intake, inability to digest or absorb fat, or due to a diet low in antioxidants
What type of health problems can be associated with diets high in fat?
obesity (#1), gastrointestinal problems, pancreatitis, fatty stools (steatorrhea), diarrhea
What is PANSTEATITIS?
aka yellow fat disease, in animal fed high fat diet low in antioxidants, fat oxidizes and causes discolouration of fat and painful fibrous deposits in the adipose tissue
What is HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS?
aka fatty liver disease, usually observed in fat cats who have been anorexic for a couple days, body needs to use reserves of fat for energy (after protein in muscles is used up), large amounts of fat sent to liver to be metabolized & liver cells are unable to handle and do not perform normal functions, begin to see liver signs (jaundice, vomiting)
What is MALDIGESTION?
lacking digestive enzymes (i.e. lipase) which normally digest fat, often produce very foul-smelling greasy stools which ocntains large amount of undigested fats and proteins, often very hungry but lose weight, commonly seen in dogs
What is MALABSORPTION?
can digest fat, but unable to absorb the products (i.e. fatty acids and glycerol), may be due to a disease of the intestinges (eg. cancer), animal will produce greasy and rancid feces, very hungry but will lose weight
What a CARBOYHYDRATES?
a nutrient that can provide the animal with "quick energy", classifed by solubility (digestibility) (2 types: monosaccharides and polysaccharides)
Define: MONOSACCHARIDES
simple carbohydrates (sugars and starches), considered soluble because no digestion is required to be absorbed (eg. glucose, fructose, galactose)
Define: POLYSACCHARIDES
complex carbohydrates, considered insoluble because they require a great deal of breakdown before they can be absorbed (eg. cellulose, starch, dietary fibre and glycogen)
What are the functions of carbohydrates? (5)
1. Quick energy (monosaccharides are easily digestible) 2. Energy storage (excess converted to glycogen and stored in msucle and liver) 3. muscle and CNS function 4. synthesis of certain compounds (RNA, DNA, heparin) 5. stimulates normal GI peristalsis and reduces GI transit time
What happens to excess carbohydrates once the animal's energy needs have been met?
converted to glycogen and stored in liver or muscle and is easily accessed, excess above glycogen storage is stored as triglycerides (body fat) which are not easily accessible
Explain how carbohydrates can be PROTEIN SPARING
when diet contains adequate levels of carbohydrates, protein will not have to be used for energy, leaving protein available for other uses (i.e. structural). however, cars still require protein for energy
Why is milk not tolerated in older animals?
lactose is the carbohydrate (sugar) in milk, which young animals depend on for energy, lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose and is available in large amounts in young animals, but in older animals lactase have very low activity and therefore not able to digest lactose as readily, very common to see diarrhea due to it not being broken down/absorbed
What does the term DIETARY FIBRE refer to?
any polysaccharide which is considered insoluble (undigestible), usually plant material (such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin), little use to dogs and cat as they are unable to digest, animals which have large amount of bacterial fermentation use dietary fibre readily as energy source (i.e. herbivores)
How is dietary fibre used in animal nutrition?
bulk in reducing diets, used as filler to fill the animal before the energy requirements are met, good for colon health as it improves GI motility and increases emptying time
If an animal loses ___ to ___ % of total body water they can become very ill. They can die if they lose ____% of total body water
5-10%, 15%
How much of an animal's body is made up of water?
70%, even more in young animals
What are the functions of water? (5)
1. transport medium (carries nutrients to structures and body systems, carries excess and waste out of body) 2. chemical reactions 3. lubrication (eye fluid, #1 component of synovial joints) 4. sound transmission and balance (inner ear) 5. regulation of body temperature (perspiration, respiration)
How can an animal acquire water? (3)
drinking, eating, metabolic water
What is meant by metabolic water?
oxidation (breakdown) of some nutrients gives water off as an end product, amount of water given off depends on type of nutrient
Metabolic water can supply ___ to ___ % of animal's needs if it has adequate nutrients
5-10%
100g carboyhydes = ___g metabolic water
56g
100g protein = ____g metabolic water
40g
100g fat = ___g metabolic water
107g
How much water does an animal require daily?
water requirement is roughly equivalent to the energy requirement they need daily, on average an animal requires ml H20 day = kcal/day, water gains/intakes should equal water losses/outputs (unless vet recommended otherwise, eg. vomiting)
The amount of water that an animal voluntarily intakes can depend on what factors? (5)
1. physical activity 2. environmental temperature 3. health status (kidney/thyroid function, illness induced hydration) 4. lactation 5. amount of water in food (canned vs. dry)
What are the ways an animal loses water? (7)
urination, defecation, respiration, perspiration, lactation, reproduction, vomiting/diarrhea