Nutrition Test 4

Front 1

vitamins

Back 1

organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health. Vitamins regulate body processes that support growth and maintain life.

Front 2

bioavailability

Back 2

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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precursors

Back 3

substances that precede others; with regard to vitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins; also known as provitamins

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water-soluble vitamins

Back 4

B vitamins:
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
biotin
pantothenic acid
vitamin B 6
folate
vitamin B 12
vitamin C

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fat-soluble vitamins

Back 5

vitamin A
vitamin D
vitamin E
vitamin K

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coenzymes

Back 6

complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures.

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Vitamin B 6

Back 7

Used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, red blood cells and helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and serotonin. Stored extensively in muscle tissue.

Deficiency: synthesis of key neurotransmitters diminishes, and abnormal compounds produced during tryptophan metabolism accumulate in the brain. Depression, confusion, risk of some cancers. and cardiovascular disease.
Alcohol conributes to the destruction and loss of vitamin B 6 from the body.

Toxicity: neurological damage

Sources: meats

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Thiamin

Back 8

Serves as a coenzyme. Assist in energy metabolism. Nerve activity and muscle activity in response to nerves depend heavily on thiamin.

Deficiency and toxicity
Alcohol is bad
prolonged deficiency can result in the disease beriberi - symptoms: weakness of muscles

Sources: pork, whole grains

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Riboflavin

Back 9

Serves as coeenzyme especially in energy metabolism.

Deficiency and toxicity: inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract. Excesses of riboflavin appears to have no harm

Sources: milk, milk products.

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Niacin

Back 10

Can be eaten preformed or made in the body from its precursor, tryptophan, an essential amino acid.

Deficiency: pellagra - symptoms: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventual death.

Toxicity: niacin flush: a temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation

Sources: Meat, can be made in the body from the amino acid tryptophan.

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Biotin

Back 11

A B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis.

Deficiency and toxicity: Egg whites cause biotin to not be absorbed. Depression, lethargy, hallucinations...

no toxic symptoms

Sources: widespread in foods; liver, egg yokes, soybeans...

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Pantothenic acid

Back 12

A B vitamin. The principal active form is part of the coenzyme A called "CoA" Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism.

Deficiency: vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps

no toxic symptoms

Sources: widespread in foods: chicken, beef, potatoes...

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Antagonist

Back 13

a competing factor that counteracts the action of another factor. When a drug displaces a vitamin from its site of action, the drug renders the vitamin ineffective and thus acts as a vitamin antagonist.

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Folate

Back 14

Also known as folic acid. Synthesizes the DNA and therefore important in new cell formation.

Sources: fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes seeds, liver.

Deficiency: anemia: smooth, red tongue, mental confusion, weakness fatigue...

Toxicity: makes vitamin B

Neural Tube Defects: the brain and spinal cord develop from the neural tube and defects in its orderly formation during early weeks of pregnancy may result.

Heart Disease:
Cancer:

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Vitamin B 12

Back 15

Closely related to folate, each depend on the other for activation. Used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain verve cells; reforms folate coenzyme; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids.

Sources: foods of animal origin

Deficiency: Pericious anemia

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Intrinsic factor

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secreted by the stomach cells that bnids with vitamin b 12 in the smal intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin B 12

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Atrophic gastritis

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chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a diminished size and functioning of the mucous membrane and glands. This condition is also characterized by inadequate hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor two substances needed for vitamin B 12 absorption.

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pernicious anemia

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a blood disorder that reflects a vitamin B 12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by abnormally large and immature red blood cells.

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Choline

Back 19

Needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholiped lecithin.

Deficiency symptoms: liver damage

Toxicity: body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage.

Sources: Milk, liver eggs, peanuts

Front 20

inositol

Back 20

a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Inositol is a part of cell membrane structures.

Front 21

Carnitine

Back 21

a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the boy from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.

Front 22

Vitamin C

Back 22

Roles:
-As an Antioxidant: defends against free radicals
-As a Cofactor in Collagen Formation: helps to form fibrous structural protein of connective tissues known as collagen.
-As a Cofactor in Other Reactions:

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Free Radical

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an unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons.

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Collagen

Back 24

the structural protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments,and the foundations, of bones and teeth made.

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oxidative stress

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a condition in which the production of oxidants and fre radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage.

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Cofactor

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a small inorganic or organic substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme.

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Ascorbic acid

Back 27

one of two active forms of vitamin C

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Antiscorbutic factor

Back 28

the original name for vitamin C

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Histamine

Back 29

a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local immune reaction to an antigen.

Front 30

Forms of Vitamin A

Back 30

Retinol: the alcohol form
Retinal: the aldehyde form
Retinoic acid: the acid form
Retinoids: chemically related compounds with biological activity similar to that of retinol.
Beta-carotene; a precursor

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Beta-carotene

Back 31

one of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and vitamin A precursor found in plants

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Carotenoids

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pigments commonly found in plants and nimal, some of which have vitamin A activity. The carotenoid with the greatest vitamin A activity is beta-carotene.

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mucous membranes

Back 33

the membranes, composed of mucus-secreting cells, that line the surfaces of body tissues.

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Vitamin A

Back 34

maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin bone and tooth growth, reproduction, immunity.

Sources: - retinol; fortified milk, cheese cream...
- Beta-carotene; spinach, dark green leafy
Deficiency: Hypovitaminosis A: night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), impaired immunity

Toxicity: hypervitaminosis Aa; reduced bone density, liver abnormalities, birth defects. Blured vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo.

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Vitamin D

Back 35

mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulation retention by kidneys)

Sources: synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight, fortified milk...

Deficiency: Rickets; mis-shapen bones. Osteomalacia or osteoporosis: loss of calcium resulting in soft , flexible brittle and deformed bones.

Toxicity: hypervitaminosis D; elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints.

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Key bone nutrients

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Vitamin D, K, and A
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride

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Vitamin D 2

Back 37

derived from plants

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Vitamin D 3

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derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholestrerol, a precursor of cholesterol, with the help of sunlight

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Vitamin E

Back 39

antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)

Sources: polyunsaturated plant oils; margarine, salad dressings, dark green leafy veg. (easily destroyed by heat)

Deficiency: red blood cell breakage, nerve damage

Toxicity: augments the effects of anticlotting medication.

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Key antioxidant nutrients

Back 40

Vitamin C, E, beta-carotene
Selenium

Front 41

Vitamin K

Back 41

synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

Sources: synthesized in the body by GI bacteria; dark green leafy veg.

Deficiency: hemorrhaging

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Free radicals

Back 42

molecule with one or more unpaired electrons making it unstable and highly reactive.

Front 43

Antioxidants

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neutralize free radicals by donating of their own electrons, thus ending the chain reaction.

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Oxidative stress

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a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the ability to handle them and prevent damage.

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Oxidants

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compounds such as oxygen that oxidize other compounds. Compounds that prevent oxidation are called antioxidants.

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prooxidants

Back 46

substances that significantly induce oxidative stress

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phytochemicals

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non-nutrient compounds found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body.

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intracellular fluid

Back 48

fluid with the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately two thirds of the body's water.

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AI for total water

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men: 3.7 L/day
women: 2:7 L/day

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Blood volume and presure

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The kidneys are central to the regulation of blood pressure and volume.

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Instructions on whether to retain or release substances or water come from

Back 51

ADH, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.

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ADH

Back 52

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in resonse to dehydration that stimulates the dinets to reabsorb more water and therefore to excrete less.

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renin

Back 53

an enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which results in the kidneys reabsorbing sodium.

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angiotensin I

Back 54

an inactive precursor that is concerted by an enzyme to yield active angiotensin II

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angiotensin II

Back 55

a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation.

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vasoconstrictor

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a substance that constricts or narrows the blood vessels.

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aldosterone

Back 57

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the re-absorption of sodium by the kidneys.

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adrenal glands

Back 58

glands adjacent to, and just about each kidney.

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salt

Back 59

a compound composed of a positive ion other than H and negative ion other than OH-. an example is sodium chloride.

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ions

Back 60

atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electons and therefore have electrical charges. examples include the positively charged sodium ion Na+ and the negatively charged chloride ion CI-.

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cations

Back 61

positively charged ions

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anions

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negatively charged ions

Front 63

electrolyes

Back 63

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions.

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solutes

Back 64

the substances that are dissolved in solution. The number of molecules in a given volume of fluid is the solute concentration.

Front 65

osmosis

Back 65

the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.

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buffers

Back 66

compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added.

Front 67

major minerals

Back 67

essential mineral nutrients needed in large amounts

Front 68

Key fluid balance nutrients

Back 68

sodium, potassium, chloride

Front 69

bio-availability

Back 69

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.

Front 70

binders

Back 70

chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes the body cannot absorb.

Front 71

sodium

Back 71

maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Deficiency: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite.

Toxicity: edema, acute hypertension.

Sources: table salt

Front 72

chloride

Back 72

maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion.

Toxicity: vomiting

Sources: table salt

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potassium

Back 73

maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; facilitates many reactions; supports cell integrity; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.

Deficiency: irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance.

Toxicity: muscular weakness; vomiting

Source: all whole foods; meats, milks, fruits, veg, grains, legumes.

Front 74

phosphorus

Back 74

mineralization of bones and teeth; part of every cell; important in genetic material, part of phospholipids used in energy transfer and buffer systems that maintain acid base balance.

Deficiency: muscular weakness, bone pain.

toxicity: calcification of nonskeletal tissue, particular the kidneys

Front 75

magnesium

Back 75

Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscles contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system.

Deficiency: weakness; confusion; if extreme convulsions.

Toxicity: from nonfood souces only; diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration.

Sources: nuts, lguems, whole grains, dark leafy greens

Front 76

calcium

Back 76

mineralization of bones and teeth; also involved in muscle contraction and relation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, and blood pressure.

Deficiency: stunted growth in children, bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults.

Toxicity: constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals.

Sources; milk and mild products. broccoli, legumes

Front 77

sulfate

Back 77

as part of proteins, stabilizes their shape by forming sulfide bridges; part of the vitamins biotin and thiamin and the hormone insulin.

Sources: all protein-containing foods meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts.