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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism?
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Metabolism: the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy metabolism includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.
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What is anabolism?
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Anabolism: reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. Anabolic reactions require energy.
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What is catabolism?
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Catabolism: reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Catabolic reactions release energy. KATA means down.
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What is a coenzyme?
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Coenzymes: complete organic molecules that work with enzymes to facillitate the enzymes activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures.
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What does aerobic mean?
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Aerobic: requiring oxygen.
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What does anaerobic mean?
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Anaerbic: not requiring oxygen.
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What is glycolosis?
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Glycolosis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycolosis does not require oxygen (anaerobic). Glyco=glucose, lysis=breakdown.
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What is deamination?
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Deamination is the removal of the amino (NH2) group from a compound such as an amino acid. When amino acids are metabolized for energy or used tomake glucose or fat, they must be deaminated first.
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What is transamination?
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Transamination: the transfer of amino acid groups from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid.
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What are glucogenic amino acids? Ketogenic amino acids?
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Amino acides that can be used to make glucose are called glucogenic amino acids. Amino acids that are converted to acetyl CoA are called ketogenic amino acids.
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ATP and CP pathway?
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ATP is made in the MITOCHONDRIA. The ATP and CP energy pathway used within about 8-10 seconds of exercise is from the PHOSPHOGEN SYSTEM.
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Amino acids/energy pathway?
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Deamination needs to happen to amino acids before they enter into the energy pathway.
Glucogenic AA enters at the pyruvate and ketogenic AA enters at acetyl CoA. |
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What are the bi-products of deamination?
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Ammonia and keto acid. Ammonia means the liver is malfunctioning and keto acids means urea, a kidney malfunction.
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Feasting and fasting?
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When you eatin in excess of energy needs, the body stores a small amount of glycogen and much larger quantities of fat.
NOTE: pg 234 |
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What happens when a person draws on stores? What if fasting continues beyond glycogen depletion?
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Glycogen and fat are released from storage to provide glucose, glycerol and fatty acids for energy. If you don't refuel, the body draws on reserves of carbs and fats. Within one day or so, you body draws on vital protein tissue.
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What are the health effects of heavy alcohol consumption?
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1) Fatty liver & 2) Fibrosis (these are reversible) 3) Cirrhosis (the liver is damaged).
NOTE: pg 240, 246 and table H7-5. |
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Is cellulite unhealthy? Can you be healthy and overweight?
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NO! Yes, you can be overweight, active and healthy.
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Pyruvate?
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Pyruvate is where the carbon break down and pair up.
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Glycolosis: These occur just outside of the mitochondria.
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ATP
ATP-CP Anaerobic Glycolosis (w/o oxygen in cytoplasm). Aerobic Glycolosis (full cycle) Oxygen system. **The map that looks like I-75 with all the different entrance and exit ramps. |
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How many kilocalories does it take to make a pound? Safe loss?
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3500 kilocalories make a pound. A safe rate to weight loss is 1/2-2 lbs per week. Reducing kcal intake by 500 calories per day will allow for a 1 lb loss each week. That is a safe reduction.
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Appetite & hunger?
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Hunger is the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food seeking behavior.
Appetite is the integrated response to the sight, smell, thought or taste of food that initiates or delays eating. |
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Satiety & satiation?
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Satiety is the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal is called. Satiety determines how much time passes between meals.
Satiation is the feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating. It determines how much food is consumed during a meal. |
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What does neuropeptide Y do?
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Neuropeptide Y are the fat cells in the brain? It is a chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure and increases fat storage.
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Which of the energy yielding nutrients provide the most satiety?
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1) Protein, 2) Complex )Carbohydrates 3) Fats
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What is basal metabolism?
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Basal metabolism is the energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestion, physical and emotional rest.
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What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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BMR is the rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep, wihtout any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting. It is usually expressed as kcal per kg of body weight per hour.
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Resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
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RBR is similar to BMR, a measure of the energy use of a person at rest in a comfortable setting, but with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity. Consequently, RMR is slightly higher than BMR.
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What is the thermic effect of food?
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10%. TEF is an estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store injested nutrients); also called specific dynamic effedt (SDE) of food or the specific dynamic activity (SDA) of food. The sum of the TEF and any increase in the metabolic rate due to overeating is known as diet induced thermogenesis (DIT).
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Adaptive thermogenesis?
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Adaptive thermogenesis are adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma and changes in hormone status.
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What is Body Mass Index? How is BMI determined?
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weight (lb) x 703
------------------------ height (in) squared (ht x ht) BMI is an index of a person's weight in relation to height; it's determined by dividing the weight in lbs + 703, divided by height squared. |
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Healthy BMI and other ways to test?
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Underweight > 18.5
Healthy 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obese (greater than of =30) Skinfold measures Hydrodensitometry Bioelectrical impedence |
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Android and gynoid?
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Android is an apple-shaped person suffering central obesity (intra-abdominal fat) with upper body fat.
Mens waist measure of 40" or greater Womens waist measure of 35" or greater. There is a greater risk of central obesity related health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Gynoid is a pear shaped person, having lower body fat, not usually associated with chronic disease. |
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Body Fat?
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Appropriate body fat for men is 13-21% and 23-31% for women.
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What is insulin resistance? Metabolic syndrome?
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Insulin resistance is the condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect in muscle, adipost, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose; a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes. Three of these symptoms would put you in the metabolic syndrome category.
Metabolic syndrome/Syndrome X is high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high waist circumference. |
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Check this info:
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Table 8.1 pg 255
Table 8.6 & 8.7 pg 260 Table 8.10 & 8.11 pg 263 & 267 Figure 8.4 pg 254 BMI info pg 261 Eating disorders, read highlights for Chapter 8. |
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Obesity is associated with?
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Obesity is associated with certain types of cancer (colon, prostate, gallbladder, ovary, breast, cervix); menstrual abnormalities, pregnancy complications; respiratory and degenerative joint disease.
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What are hyperplasic and hypertrophic obesity?
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Hyperplasic obesity is due to an increase in the NUMBER of fat cells. Hypertrophic obesity is due to an increase in SIZE of fat cells.
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Can you reduce/increase fat cells in your body?
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Fat cells development by in increasing in number and size. Prevention of excess weight gain depends on maintaining a reasonable number of fat cells; with weight gains and losses, the body adjusts in an attempty to return to it's previous status.
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What is your body's set point?
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Set point is the point at which controls are set (like a thermostat). It relates to body weight and proposes that the body tends to maintain a weight by it's own internal controls.
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What does leptin do? Where is it produced?
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Leptin is a protein produced by fat cells under direction of the OB gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure; sometimes called the OB protein. Leptos=thin.
Leptin acts as a hormone, identified as the obesity gene. Expressed primarily in the adipose tissue; primarily in the hypothalmus/fat cells. |
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What does ghrelin do?
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Ghrelin is a protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure. GHRE=growth.
Interacts with leptin; this protein is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes a positive energy balance by stimulating appetites and promoting efficient energy storage. |
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Two types of fat? Brown and white adipose.
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Brown adipose tissue is masses of specialized fat cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produces HEAT instead of ATP. Brown tissue releases stored energy as heat. Children have more brown.
White tissue stores fat for other cells to use for energy. Adults have more white. |
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What are some health risks of being overweight?
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Cardiovasclar disease (CVD), high cholesterol, diabetes, etc.
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What are benefits of physical activity?
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Decreased risk of CVD, diabetes, increase in HDL, lower LDL.
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What are eating disorders?
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Eating disorders are disturbances in eating behavior that jeopardize a person's physical or psychological health.
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Anorexia?
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Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight.
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Bulimia?
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Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating usually followed by self induced vomitting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting or excessive exercise.
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Compulsive eating/binge eating disorder?
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Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder with criteria similar to those of bulimia nervosa, excluding purging or other compensatory behaviors.
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Why does cellulite have the appearance it does?
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Cellulite, supposedly a lumpy form of fat; actually a fraud. Fatty areas of the body may appear lumpy when the strands of connective tissue that attach the skin to underlying muscles pull tight where the fat is thick. The fat itself is the same as fat anywhere else in the body. If the fat in these areas is lost, the lumpy appearance disappears.
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