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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Ketones
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Organic compounds used as energy source during starvation, fasting, low-carb diets, or uncontrolled diabetes.
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Energy
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What causes Ketones to increase?
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Glucose insufficiency allows ketones to increase because of the need for energy.
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Lost energy
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Ketosis/Ketacidosis
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______-occurs when ligh levels of ketones are in blood which becomes an acid.
_______-much more severe than the above, which results in lowered pH, nausea, coma, and death |
Very high acid
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Hormone status contains ___ stages
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it contains three stages
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Allen Iverson
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Stage A
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Absorptive state:
the relative concentration of insulin is higher than glucagon, favoring energy storage. |
occurs within 0-4 hrs
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Stage P
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Postabsorptive state:
*insulin levels decrease and glucagon increases. *blood glucose decreases. *liver glycogen broken down for a source of glucose. *increase use of fatty acids for energy. |
occurs within 4-24 hrs
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Stage A. S.
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Acute starvation:
relative concentration of glucagon is higher than insulin. Liver glycogen stores are depleted. Glucose is supplied mainly by gluconeogenesis. Stored triglycerides are broken down with an increase in the use of fatty acids for energy.Ketone formation (ketogenesis)increases. |
occurs within 24-144 hrs or 1-6 days
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What determines how things shift?
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Your body
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Absorptive State...
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Postprandial period
1.Nutrients enter blood 2.Stimulates release of insulin 3.Inhibits release of glucagon 4.Energy metabolism in liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle affected 5.Most ATP produced provided by: Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain |
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Postabsorptive State...
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~4 hours after intake
Insulin levels decrease Glucagon increases Blood glucose decreases Fatty acids & glycogen mobilized |
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Acute Starvation...
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Absence of food for the first five days beginning 24 hours after the last meal
Body begins to rely on mobilization of adipose reserves for ATP production Glucose produced via gluconeogenesis: Muscles contribute lactate, amino acids, glycerol |
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Prolonged Starvation...
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Food deprivation lasting longer than 1 week
Only red blood cells rely solely on glucose as a substrate for ATP production Reliance on ketones for energy When fat is limited, muscle breakdown occurs |
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N=Nutrition
Low intensity exercise rely on ________ pathways. |
Aerobic pathways (beta oxidationof fats, citric acid cycle, electron transport))
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N
________ intensity exercises rely on aerobic pathways. |
High intensity (ATP-CP Pathway & glycolysis)
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N
What percentage of energy should be used on physical activity? |
About 15-30%
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N
Cori Cycle |
Muscles must relax and release lactate into blood
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N
Cori Cyle |
Lactate produced in muscles so lactate can be resynthesized.
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The Cori Cycle requires_____. |
Energy
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Cori Cycle 2.
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glucose goes back to muscles so lactate can be resynthesized
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Exercise Intensity
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1. Low-uses primarily fatty acids and some glucose as energy source
2.Medium-50/50 glucose/fatty acids 3.High-glucose (anaerobic) |
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What is "hitting the wall"?
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occurs when glycogen stores are exhausted, glycogenolysis is inhibited, gluconeogenesis alone cannot provide adequate glucose to muscles.
Which results in a loss of stamina. |
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Physical Activity reduces the risk of______________________.
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Chronic diseases (diseases that come in the long run):
Hypertension Stroke Cardiovascular disease Type 2 Diabetes Osteoporosis Colon Cancer |
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N
The good thing about exercise is it causes physiclogical changes of: |
increased blood volume
strengthened heart muscle lowered resting heart rate increased stroke volume improved circulation |
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What are the 3 types of Athletic training?
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Strength
Endurance Interval |
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What does strength training involve? What does it do?
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Hypertrophy;it also________.
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Endurance training deals with the _______ & cardiovascular_______.
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Pulmonary, function
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Endurance training also improves the cell's ability to produce_________.
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ATP
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Interval training improves ________&________ capacity
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aerobic and anaerobic
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What are some adaptation responses to exercise? What does exercise do?
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Adaptation responses changes in the body that result from regular exercise.
It improves conditioning and performance. |
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What is an example of adaptation response?
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Muscles develop higher tolerance to lactate; which causes fatigue to take longer to set in.
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Training Spares Glucose"
What type of athletes use glucose more sparingly and use fatty acids better? |
Trained athletes.
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Who benefits from spared glucose?
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Endurance athletes
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Training increases the ___&___ of mitochondria-which is the location of aerobic metabolism.
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number, size
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Training also improves_____function.
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Cardiovascular: heart rate, ventilation rate, stroke volume, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
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Athletes need energy in their diets:
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Macro nutrients
Micro nutrients Fluids&electrolytes |
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Fluid & Electrolyte Requirements:
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1. Exercise < 1 hr-water
2. Exercise > 1 hour-sports drink |
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Electrolytes contains:
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sodium, chloride, potassium, iron, and calcium
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When does energy balance occur?
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It occurs when energy intake equals energy expenditure. Body weight tends to be stable during energy balance.
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What are the two types of energy balance?
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Positive and Negative
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What is positive energy balance?
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Positive energy balance occurs when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. Body weight tends to increase during positive energy balance.
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Negative energy balance occurs when energy intake is ____ energy expenditure. Body weight tends to _____ during this balance.
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less than, decrease
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What type of tissue is the body's largest depot?
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ADIPOSE TISSUE
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1 lb stored body fat = 3500kcal
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3500 calories = 1 lb
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Ketosis
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An accumulation of ketones in body tissues and fluids.
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Ketoacidosis
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A rise in ketone levels in the blood, causing the pH of the blood to decrease.
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Prolonged starvation
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Food deprivation lasting longer than one week.
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Strength training
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Physical training that increases muscle growth and strength.
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The fuels available for use for athletes include all of the following except:
a. amino acids. b. fatty acids. c. ethanol. d. carbohydrates. |
c. ethanol.
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All of the following are true about lactate except:
a. it contributes to fatigue. b. it is a metabolic waste product. c. buildup lowers cell pH. d. it can be recycled by liver. |
b. it is a metabolic waste product.
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In endurance activities, "hitting the wall" is most likely directly due to which one of the following?
a. Running out of fatty acids. b. Running out of muscle glycogen. c. Lack of creatine phosphate. d. Inability of gluconeogenesis to provide enough glucose. |
b. Running out of muscle glycogen.
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Physical activity reduces the risk for all of the following chronic diseases except:
a. stroke. b. colon cancer. c. osteoporosis. d. kidney disease. |
d. kidney disease.
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Physical activity reduces the risk for all of the following chronic diseases except:
a. cardiovascular disease. b. liver disease. c. high blood pressure. d. type 2 diabetes. |
b. liver disease.
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All of the following are important forms of physical activity training for improved health except:
a. strenuous. b. cardiovascular. c. weight bearing. d. stretching. |
a. strenuous.
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Training leads to all of the following physiological effects which benefit performance except:
a. higher muscle tolerance of lactate. b. lower stores of glycogen. c. greater use of fatty acids by increasing mitochondria. d. blood vessel expansion. |
b. lower stores of glycogen.
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Training leads to all of the following physiological effects which benefit performance except:
a. maximal oxygen consumption. b. strengthens heart muscle. c. expanded capillaries supplying muscle. d. no effect on red blood cell number. |
d. no effect on red blood cell number.0
Training increases RBC production, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity of blood |
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The cause of sports anemia in athletes is:
a. a disproportionate increase in plasma volume compared to RBCs. b. iron loss with excessive sweating. c. increased blood loss in feces. d. ruptured blood vessels due to feet striking hard surfaces. |
a. a disproportionate increase in plasma volume compared to RBCs.
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All of the following minerals are of potential concern for athletes except:
a. zinc. b. iron. c. phosphorus. d. calcium. |
c. phosphorus.
Zinc is needed for energy metabolism and muscle function and repair; a supplement is helpful if meat is restricted |
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Which one of the following is not associated with or true concerning heat exhaustion?
a. Profuse sweating. b. Occurs with losses of 5% of body weight through sweating. c. Normal blood pressure. d. Can lead to heat stroke. |
c. Normal blood pressure.
Lower blood pressure occurs with heat exhaustion |
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Which one of the following is not either associated with or true concerning heat stroke?
a. Wet skin. b. Confusion. c. Occurs with loses of 7-10% of body weight loss through sweating. d. Requires immediate medical attention. |
a. Wet skin.
Dry skin occurs during heat stroke |
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Adipocytes
# & size determine mass Hypertrophic growth-Adipocyte increases Hyperplastic growth-Forming of new adipocytes |
trophic-bigger
plastic-many/more/multiples |
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What shrinks the size and not number of adipocytes?
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Weight loss...
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Hunger vs. Satiety
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Hunger-Basic physiological need for food
Satiety-Physiological response to having eaten enough Influences *Neuropeptides *GI neural & hormonal signals *Pancreas *Adipose tissue |
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What is appetite?
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Appetite
Desire for food Stimuli that override hunger & satiety More psychological than physiological Influences Appearance, taste, aroma, emotional states |
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The "C's" of food cravings:
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cookies
chips cakes chocolate |
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TOTAL
ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE) is composed of what? |
basal metabolism 50-70%
Physical activity 15-30% Thermic effect of food (TEF) 50-70% |
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Define BMR.
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Amount of energy expended per hour Accounts for 50-70% TEE |
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