Nutrition Test 3

Front 1

structure of amino acids

Back 1

amino group=NH2
acid group= the same as fatty acids
carbon backbone
side chain="R" group

Front 2

categories of amino acids

Back 2

1. essential (indispensable)
2. nonessential (dispensible)
3. semi-essential (conditionally essential)

Front 3

essential amino acids

Back 3

-leucine
-isoleucine
-valine
-lysine
-methionine
-phenylalanine
-threonine
-tryptophan

Front 4

digestion of dietary proteins

Back 4

are broken down to AA,then absorbed,then recombined in body into proteins
-provides: essential amino acids and A source of nitrogen in form of -NH2

Front 5

digestion of dietary proteins (part 2)

Back 5

1. stomach= very acidic and leads to denaturation of protein
2.small intestine proteases
3. portal blood- amino acids absorbed by small intestine and then sent to liver and rest of the body.

Front 6

use of protein and amino acids

Back 6

1. growth and maintenance: growth of tissue and worn out tissues are turned over
2. enzymes and protein hormones- continually synthesized and degraded
3. antibodies- provide immunity against foreign invaders and constant assault of microbes seeking entrance to the body
4. fluid and electrolyte balance
5. acid and base balance
6. energy substrate

Front 7

high protein quality (complete proteins):

Back 7

1. all flesh foods
3. well-balanced correct mix of amino acids for cell no XS or lack of any EAA
4. Recall:protein synthesis requires all 20 amino acids

Front 8

1. incomplete proteins:
2. estimation of protein quality:

Back 8

1. all plant food proteins
2. nutrition retained by lab animal
weight gained by lab animal
PER (Protein efficiency ratio)

Front 9

mutual supplementation

Back 9

make different vegetable combos so that the AA cover ones that are being covered. two foods work together to give you adequate protein

Front 10

protein deficiencies

Back 10

-kwashiorkor=swelling of the belly and legs, growth stop and infection
-marasmus= wasting away, lack of protein and calories

Front 11

vitamins v. minerals

Back 11

vitamins=organic minerals= inorganic
vitamins= 13 minerals= 21
vitamins have coenzymes and minerals have cofactors

Front 12

functions of:
1. vitamin A
2.vitamin D
3. vE
4.vK

Back 12

1. vision and gene expression
2. calcium homeostasis
3. antioxidant
4. blood-clotting

Front 13

vitamins A,D and K are stored in:
vitamin E is stored in:

Back 13

the liver

adipose tissues

Front 14

vitamin A:
- structure
-function
-deficiencies
-requirements
-toxicity

Back 14

-carotenoids
- gene expression, vision, reproduction
-keratinization, night blindness
-900 ug/day
-acute and chronic

Front 15

Vitamin D:
-function
-deficiencies
-requirements
-toxicity

Back 15

-calcium homeostasis. need Ca for all cells, blood and skeletal
- very common. rickets and osteomalacia (bowed legs)
-15 ug
-calcium deposits in heart

Front 16

Vitamin E:
-function
-deficiencies
-requirements
-toxicity

Back 16

-direct antioxidant. oxygen is very toxic which can damage protein/ enzymes and DNA/RNA
-(not common) found in premies
- 15mg/day
-none

Front 17

Vitamin K:
-function
-stored
-deficiencies
-requirements
-toxicity

Back 17

-blood coagulation (liver synthesizes protein needed for blood clotting)
-liver
-uncommon: non-nutritional=-premises born with sterile gut and fat malabsorption conditions. prolonged bleeding
-120ug/day
-very= avoid supplements

Front 18

vitamin B1-thiamin:
-structure
-function
-deficiencies
- requirements
-toxicity

Back 18

-water soluble: have smaller vitaminic form that is essential in diet
-energy metabolism. glucose, alcohol to energy
-beri-beri symptoms: edema, enlarged heart and confusion
-1.2 mg/day
-not tosic (XS excreted in urine) - water soluble

Front 19

vitamin B2 (riboflavin):
-structure
-function
-deficiencies
-requirements
-toxicity

Back 19

- 2 conezymatic forms: FMN and FAD
-coenzyme for enzyme of E metabolism
-ariboflavinosis=cracks around the mouth common in 3rd world countries. usually with PCM.
-1.3 mg/day per 1000kcal
-non- toxic= water soluble (XS in urine)

Front 20

vitamin B3 (Niacin):
-function
deficiencies
toxicity

Back 20

-catabolic and anabolic (fat synthesis from XS carbon in liver)
-pellegra. often where there is poverty. corn is high in niacin put a protein in corn binds the niacin so you cant digest it . Symptoms: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
-3X the RDA= flushing in some individuals

Front 21

vitamin B6-pyridoxine
-structure
-function
-deficiency
-toxicity
-pharmalogical use

Back 21

-coenzyme PLP. 6 different vitamers all interconvertable
-coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes. mostly AA and protein metabolism
-frank deficiency symptoms: anemia, confusion, convulsions
-more than 200 mg/day can cause brain numbness and tremors
-pms: 100 mg/day may help

Front 22

vitamin B12
-function
-absorption
-deficiency
-toxicity

Back 22

-synthesis of DNA and RNA.
-stomach secretory protein. expression minimizes with age
-pernicious anemias. in flesh foods only. elderly become B12 deficient often. Anemia, Dementia, numbness
-none

Front 23

folic acid
-coenzyme
-function
-deficiency
-none toxic

Back 23

-THFA
-RNA/DNA synthesis
-marginal deficiency. high risk if you are anabolic (making new tissue)

Front 24

Pantothenic acid-
-coenzyme
-function
-deficiency
-

Back 24

-coenzyme A
-synthesis of XS C into fatty acids. synthesis of cholesterol, nuerotransmitters, hormones
-rarely deficient and not toxic

Front 25

Biotin:
-function
-deficiency
-toxicity

Back 25

- coenzyme of carboxylation reactions in macronutrient metabolism
- rare (widely distributed), except from raw egg whites (has avidin which binds biotin)
-not toxic

Front 26

Vitamin C:
-function
-deficiency
-toxicity

Back 26

-direct antioxidant (like vE but water soluble)
-scurvy, collegen breakdown
-not usually toxic, except in megadose (causing kidney stones)
-helps with UTI

Front 27

phosphorus:

Back 27

consumption of antiacids can block absorption.
It is a structural component of bone ad phospholipids