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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy balance
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1 lb= 3500 cal
fat losses gradual weight loss = lose SMALL amt of fat, mostly fluid also lean muscle and bone! |
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bomb calorimeter
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C & H bonds breakdown, heat released
estimate of pot E of foods overstates E --> body not as effective |
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weight composition for females
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fat 25%
muscle 35% bone 15% organs 25% |
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food intake influences
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physiological
senosry cognitive postingestive post absorptive |
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food intake: physiological influences
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hunger
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food intake: sensory influences
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seek food
start meal |
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food intake: cognitive influences
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continue meal
satiation |
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food intake: postingestive influences
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end meal ---
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food intake: postabsorptive influences
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--------satieity-----
------satiety----- -satiety-- |
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appetite
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don't have hunger but want to eat
stimulators - stress, - emotions -habits -smell - social |
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sustaining satiety
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protein > satiety
---carbs, fibers high fat < satiety --> more unsatisfied w/ small portion |
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behavior modification
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recognize stimulator
what/why you eat ex: food log |
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satiation
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cognitive influence
fullness, stop eating |
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satiety
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AFTER a meal
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hypothalamus
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E intake, expend, storage
(other parts: liver, mouth, GI tract) message central ---neuropeptide y--- |
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components of E expenditure
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basal metabolism
thermic affect of food physical activity |
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basal metabolism
(BMR) |
awake, no food in tummy
< than this = starving rate of E for dialy functions: breathing, heart 65% lb ---2.2 * .9/1 * 24 |
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resting metabolic rate
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>er than BMR
strict |
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E expended for phys activity
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25% of cals
depends on: 1. muscle mass 2. body lb 3. activity - swimming = less cals burned |
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E expended for thermic effect of food (TEF)
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amt E to digest food
10% of cals also called 'specific dynamic effect (SDE)' or ' specific dynamic activity (SDA)' |
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diet induced thermogenesis
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TEF + increased overeating
not calc'd into E expend |
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adapative thermogenesis
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adjust E expend due to enviro/physio
enviro: cold physio: trauma, over eating not calculated into E expend brown adipose tissue ---burns more cal's, but who has it?--- |
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what increases BMR?
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age
height growth body comp (gender) fever stress enviro smoking caffeine hormones can increase OR decrease |
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what decreases BMR?
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caffeine
sleep malnut/starving |
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thermogensis
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creation of heat
amt of E expended |
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E requirements based on... (BMR)
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gender
growth age phys activity body comp/size genes |
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E requirements based on...genes
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leptin
---protein -->ed by fat cells that decreases appetite and burn >er cals |
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E requirements based on genes: gain body fat
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blood leptin increases
- hypothalm decreases appetit - food intake decreases and E expend increase * - E balance |
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E requirements based on genes: lose body fat
(regarding blood leptin) |
blood leptin increases
- hypothal increases appetite - food increases ----E expend decreases * + E balance |
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BMI
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test
takes into account weight and height weight (lb) * 703 ---------------- height (in) squared |
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healthy BMI
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18.5 < x > 24.9
* can be overweight but not overfat |
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underweight BMI
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women:< 18.5
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overweight BMI
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women :25< x > 30
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obese BMI
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> 30
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problem with obesity
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RATE increasing
amt healthy ppl shrinking |
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weight management
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fat cells: bubbles
once you --> cell still with you *NEVER goes away once you have it, only SHRINKS*** |
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waist circumference
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best way to measure fat distribu and abdominal fat
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normal waist circumference
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M :13-21
-----young-----+ 40--- ---->er 22----->er 25--- W: 23-31 -----young------+ 40---- ---->er 32----->er 35--- |
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fat distribution...why?
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>er importance than total fat
another way to measure fat total...where is it on your body? |
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lower body fat
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>er in women
relatively harmess |
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visceral fat
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also called intradominal fat
fat sored around abdomen, organs vs. stored under skin (subcutaneous) not healthy, not eager to move |
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central obesity
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upper body fat
heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, hypertension |
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methods to measure fat
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fatfold measures
hydrodesnitometery bioelectrical impedence dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXa) air displacement pletysmography |
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methods to measure fat: fatfold measures
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caliper
compare to norms ---triceps, back, hip |
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methods to measure fat: hydrodensitometry
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water, in vat
expel O2 from lungs density displacement |
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better to know ___ than __?
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better to know fat than weight?
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methods to measure fat: bioelectrical impedance
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lean body = < electrical resistance
must be hydrated--> underestimates NOT ACCURATE |
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methods to measure fat: air displacement plethysmography
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amt of air displaced
sit in chair |
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methods to measure fat: dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
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precise measure total fat/distribut extreme EXTREME obese places
2 low dose xrays diff among fat-free tissue lean body mass, fat tissue, and bone tissue |
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health risks associated w/ body weight and body fat: underweight
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malnut --> no immunity
cancer --> die of malnut preggers --> unhealthy baby ---infertility |
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health risks associated w/ body weight and body fat: overweight
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BMI >er 35 twice likely die
whites >er BMI than black ppl obesity: 2nd kkiller to tobacco related diseasess yo yo dieting weight + 20 lbs middle-early adulthood |
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obesity link to
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type 2 diabetes
cardiovvascular disease cancer |
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cardiovascular disease
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increased blood cholest and hypertension
central obesity |
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type 2 diabetes
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linked to obesity
3X likely to develop in obese weight >er 10 lbs since 18 ---gain--- insulin resistance |
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cancer
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increased level of hormones
linked to obesity? |
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fat cell theory
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how shrink them?
stop +ing cells --> control weight --> DON'T OVEREAT! |
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hyperplastic
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obesity due to # cells
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hypertropic
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obesity to due _____
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set point theory
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body has internal mechanism more lean muscle + fat cells = calories needed
inherit # fat/muscle cells body tends to keep body weight @ same weight, own internal regulator |
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why some ppl eat alot and still skinny? explained by ___
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fat cell theory
set point theory |
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brown adipose tissue
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burns more cals
---but who has it? adaptive thermogenesis |
