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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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minerals classified |
inorganic- no carbon major minerals >100 mg per day trace minerals <100 mg per day |
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magnesium function |
structure/storage function in bones assist hundreds of enzymes regulates nerve and muscle function, inc heart role in blood clotting process and immune system |
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magnesium food sources |
commonly eaten foods unprocessed foods such as nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes, broccoli, leafy green veggies, avocado, chocolate, other veggies nuts and seeds best source hard water can be significant source |
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magnesium deficiency |
secondary rather than primary- causes excessive vomiting and diarrhea-pathologic conditions GI tract disorder affect absorption or kidney disease inhibit mineral retention malnutrition and alcoholism have negative effect on magnesium levels in body |
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magnesium deficiency |
lose magnesium in body fluids people with diuretic treatment at risk- increase urinary volume increase blood volume=increase pressure symptoms- muscle twitching, muscle weakness, convulsions, growth failure (kids) |
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magnesium toxicity |
rare but serious due to non dietary sources such as supplements or mineral salts UL- 350 mg applies to nonfood sources |
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potassium function |
primary intercellular positive ion maintains fluid levels inside cells crucial for functioning of nerves and muscles, including heart (need right amount) low or high level potassium= cardiac arrest
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potassium food sources |
whole unprocessed foods, white potatoes with skin, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges, other fruits and veggies, dairy products, legumes |
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potassium deficiency |
dehydration from vomit/diarrhea, diuretics, misuse of laxatives long term diuretic=consume adequate potassium levels from foods (some wasting, some sparing) supplementation with sparing is dangerous symptoms- muscle weakness, confusion, appetite loss, cardiac dysrhythmias (severe) |
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potassium toxicity |
only from supplements renal disease= high potassium foods toxic on dialysis might be at risk (kidney failure) filter blood for you, fluids build up symptoms similar to deficiency- muscle weakness, vomiting, cardiac arrest (high levels) #1 cause of diabetes
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iron function |
distributes oxygen throughout body (hemoglobin RBC and myoglobin WBC= both proteins) assist enzymes in oxygen use in cells-catalyst some stored in spleen, rest sent to liver from liver, iron transferred to bone marrow for use in making RBC some lost in urine,sweat,blood (shedding tissue) lost iron replaced by dietary sources |
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iron factors affecting recommended intake |
iron recycled- RBC break down, iron in hemoglobin recycled to liver, new RBC blood lost=iron lost (can't be recycled, from menstruation and internal bleeding) absorption- 10-15% absorbed (more during pregnancy, deficiency, growth) storage levels in spleen, liver, bone marrow organs- contained in proteins (ferritin and hemosiderin) |
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iron food sources |
plant and animal sources heme iron (easier to absorb)- animal sources of meat, fish, and poultry (liver good source) nonheme iron (plant)- veggies, legumes, dried fruits, whole grain cereals, enriched grains (iron fortified dry cereals) enriched= thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron |
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iron factors favoring iron absorption |
dietary sources consumed with foods containing vitamin C consuming iron from several sources improves absorption of total iron nonhdme iron absorption increases in presence of heme iron |
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iron factors inhibiting iron absorption |
consumption of foods containing binders tannins in plants, most in tea and coffee continual use of antacids and excessive intake of other minerals pica, consumption of nonnutritive substances |
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iron deficiency |
reduced supply iron in liver all levels of deficiency affect oxygen availability throughout body if neither diet nor body stores iron for hemoglobin synthesis, RBC decrease blood hemoglobin concentration falls |
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iron severe deficiency |
hemoglobin and hematocrit levels fall so low that oxygen carried in blood decreased public health problem at risk- children, teen girls, women of childbearing age (minority women of low income with many kids)
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iron deficiency anemia |
microcytes (small, pale, RBC) hard to perform work/ physical activity (not enough oxygen for muscle use) cognitive function compromised developmental delay/ learning prob- in kids always feel cold immune system compromised, decreased wound healing ability pregnant- great risk of premature and low weight |
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iron sports anemia |
form of iron anemia- endurance athletes body adapts to aerobic development from intense exercise, volume of blood expands expansion lowers hemoglobin concentration, produces appearance of anemia positive adaptation of body |
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alleviate iron deficiency |
find cause internal loss of blood or dietary intake pica- hunger and appetite for nonfood substances with no iron geophagia- pica of dirt and clay amylophagia- pica of cornstarch and laundry starch pagophagia- excessive ice consumption |
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iron deficiency treatment |
supplements may be prescribed increase in iron diet sources- rich foods do not raise hematocrit levels dose level determined by doctor- physiological requirements long term compliance to restore levels
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iron deficiency treatment |
hemochromatosis alters iron metabolism- excess iron absorption from food and supplements treatment- blood removal by giving blood reg and decreasing iron containing foods screening during checkup if over 30, diabetic done by blood test |
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iodine function |
part of hormone thyroxin produced by thyroid gland (regulate metabolism) hypothyroid- overweight hyperthyroid- skinny excessive energy or tired |
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iodine food sources |
seafood, dairy products, eggs (depend on feed animal consume) salt in us fortified with iodine |
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iodine deficiency |
reduces amount of thyroxine produced symptoms reflect effects reduced thyroxine- weight gain and sluggishness severe during pregnancy- cretinism of fetus resulting in perm mental and physical retardation |
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iodine deficiency |
goiter- enlargement of thyroid gland (on neck) extended iodine deficiency, thyroid gland compensates for low iodine and expands remains after iodine intake sufficient most in Europe, Africa, South America, central America may be caused by goitrogens- sub in root veg cassava and cabbage (suppress actions) gland swells but iodine level not initiating agent
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fluoride function |
increases resistance to tooth decay and part of tooth formation skeletal health depends on fluoride for bone mineralization water is fluoridated |
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fluoride food sources |
vary most consistent fortified water, fluoride added tea, seafood, seaweed not regularly consumed, particularly by kids during tooth formation |
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fluoride deficiency |
low levels increase risk of dental cavities hygiene, food choices, and genetics affect plaque and dental cavities
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fluoride toxicity |
too much can cause fluorosis- mottling or brown spotting of tooth enamel severe can cause pitting of teeth UL- 10 mg |
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water function |
hosts other substances of different electrical charges intracell fluid (within cell)- water and concentrations of potassium/phosphate interstitual (between cell)- concentration of sodium and chloride extracell (outside cell)- plasma and watery components of body organs/substances |
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water digestion and absorption |
water is inorganic, not digested passes quickly to small intestine most absorbed, rest regulated by colon either absorbed or excreted with feces |
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water metabolism |
integral component metabolism- water released as by product of oxidative reactions may be part of process to release energy from ATP may be excreted as waste or used elsewhere glycogen (muscle/liver) have glycogen mol glycogen used for energy, water available for body functions |
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water thirst mechanism |
fluid gained through consuming food/bev and metabolism lose fluids in urine, sweat, evap, exhaling, feces illness- fever, coughing, vomit, diarrhea, runny nose, blood loss, trauma exercise, preg, breastfeed, diuretics environment- temp, humidity, altitude |
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water thirst mechanism |
homeostasis maintained by- electrolytes (mineral/blood proteins) extracell distribution of fluid depends on sodium and potassium on intracell water moves within/between-interstitual imbalances fixed by mechanisms causing thirst and reg kidney ability to release/retain fluids |
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water thirst mechanism |
stimulates desire to drink (controlled by hypothalamus) water level low, sodium and solute level in blood increase (water drawn from salivary glands to produce more fluid for blood=dry mouth) mechanism faulty, hormonal mechanisms conserve water by reducing urine output illness, physical exertion, aging
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water |
kidney mechanisms regulate amount excreted 500 ml (1 pint) must be excreted daily, regardless amount ingested, clear waste products relies on actions of brain, kidneys, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland kidney produces, bladder holds |
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water |
body fluid low, hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH (hormone) ADH secreted from high sodium levels or low blood pressure/blood volume kidney target organ, kidney decrease fluid excretion, fluid recycled |
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water |
high sodium concentration (too much fluid excreted), kidneys release renin- enzyme activating blood protein angiotensin raises blood pressure by narrowing vessels prompts adrenal gland to release aldosterone (hormone)- kidney is target effect decreases excretion of sodium, kidneys retain fluid |
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water fluid and electrolytes |
fluids follow salt concentrations- cells control fluid balance by directing movement min salts electrolytes- min that carry electrical charges in ions when dissolved in water prim extracell electrolytes- sodium=cation, chloride=anion prim intercell electrolyte- potassium=cation cell control move of electrolytes- fluid balance water follows sodium concentration |
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water imbalances |
abnormal shift in fluid balance- cause deficit/excess Fluid volume deficit (FVD) FVD- vascular, cell, intracell dehydration severe FVD- levels fall by 10% body weight, med emergency risk for FVD- fluid lost and replacement limited |
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FVD
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can occur from- diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, sweating, diuretics, polyuria (excessive urination) losing lots of fluids |
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FVD characteristics |
infreq urination, dec skin elasticity, dry mucous mem, dry mouth, unusual drowsiness, lightheadedness/disorientation, extreme thirst, nausea, slow/rapid breathing, sudden weight loss at risk- older adults and infants |
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FVD |
fluid volume excess- person experiences increased fluid retention and edema compromised regulatory mechanism, excess fluid intake, excess sodium intake immune system compromised, can't regulate |
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water edema |
excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces caused by seepage from circ system retention of about 10% more water than normal pitting edema- degree which you can push fluid in tissue |
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water intoxication |
consuming large amount water in short time- dilution of electrolytes in body fluids cause muscle cramps, dec blood pressure, weak extensive loss of electrolytes from dehydration and rehydration using only water, without add/replacement electrolytes rare but in athletes- continually hydrate without equivalent loss of fluid |
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water |
overhydration- rare but result in hyponatremia dehydration- too little fluid consumed |
