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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Substance of freely moving molecules, can go in and out of cells, 50-70% of a healthy adults body is composed of this. |
fluid |
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about two thirds of our fluid is with in the cells and is called __ __. The remainder one third is called __ __. |
intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid |
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*Tissue fluid found between the cells w/in tissues and organs of the body *Plasma, the fluid portion that carries the red blood cells. |
Extracellular fluid |
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The body fluids composition varies by : (3) |
Tissue type, gender, age |
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Body fluid is composed of: (2) |
water, electrolytes
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4 mineral components of electrolytes |
sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus |
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why are the 4 minerals in electrolytes called "mineral salts" |
they dissolve in water |
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Fluids __ and __ substances. *__ is an excellent __ because it can dissolve many diff substances. *The dissolved material or __, include: ions, carbs, amino acids, vitamins and minerals |
dissolve, transport, water, solvent, solute |
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fluids account for _ volume:
*blood volume is? *increased blood volume can cause? *decreased blood volume can cause? |
blood
the amount of fluid in the blood blood pressure to rise (hypertension) low blood pressure |
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Fluids help maintain body temperate: *because __ has a high heat capacity, the temp of our body fluids remains quite __. *__ releases heat as the __ of water from the __ cools the skin and blood. |
water, stable, sweat, evaporation skin. |
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Fluids protect and lubricate body tissues: * __ fluid protects the brain and __ column *__ fluid is a lubricant around a fetus *__ fluid a lubricant around the joints *Digestive __ allow for easy passage of material |
cerebrospinal amniotic synovial secretions |
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Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance *This allows for the __ movement of fluids into and out of the cells *some illnesses can lead to protracted __ and __ can alter this balance. |
controlled, vomiting, diarrhea |
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electrolytes help you respond to __, electrolytes signal our __ to contract. * the movement of __ into a muscle cell stimulates the __ to contract. |
stimuli, muscles, calcium, muscle |
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fluid balance is maintained by diff __ prompting us to drink and retain fluids. The __ __ occurs from a cluster of __ cells that stimulate our desire to drink. Why is this mechanism not always sufficient? |
mechanisms, thirst mechanism, nerve the amount of fluids people drink may not be enough to achieve fluid balance. |
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Loss of water: *most is lost through __ *the __ control how much water is reabsorbed; excess is processed by this organ and excreted as urine. *__ water is lost through the skin (__) or through the lungs during __. *__ increase fluid loss via urine. |
urination, kidneys, insensible, sweat, exhalation, diuretics. |
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Insensible water loss is a __ body process other forms of this loss: |
natural, increased temp, increased humidity, living in mountains decreases the oxygen level so you have more insensible water loss. |
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taking in water:
*most water enters our body through __. *some foods have very __ water content. *__ water is a product of many __ rxns in the body contributes __-__% of the bodies needs. *List foods with high sources of water: |
beverages, high, metabolic, chemical 10-14
iceberg lettus, cucumbers, peaches, olives, sweet potato baked, pork chops. |
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FXNs of water:
__ to life, __ for fluid and __ balance and many __ rxns. Recommended intake: 1-1.5 ml for each __ expended. Varies with __ and __ level. |
Essential, required, electrolyte, chemical
kcal, environment, activity. |
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What if you drink too much water: *Becoming overhydrated is __ *__ is over hydration causing low __ in your cells.
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rare, hyponatremia, sodium |
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FXNs of sodium * fluid and __ balance *associated with _ _ and __ balance *required for __ impulse transmission *assists in the transport of certain __, IE __, into body cells |
electrolyte, BP, PH, nerve nutrients, glucose |
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Recommended intake and sources of sodium: __ recommended but less than __. __ foods are generally high in soduim |
1500, 2300, processed. |
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What if you consume too much sodium? __, abnormally high blood sodium concentration. * can occur in patients with: (2) * results in high __ __, __, high __ __. |
hypernatremia, congestive heart failure, kidney disease blood volume, edema, high blood pressure |
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what if you don't consume enough sodium? *__ abnormally low blood sodium level. * can result in prolonged __, __ or __. *has been seen in __ __ who consume too much water and fail to replace __ |
hyponutremia, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, marathon athletes, sodium |
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FXNs of potassium *fluid and electrolyte balance __ *Very important in __ __ and transmission of __ __ *high potassium helps maintain a lower __ __ (beating of the heart and regulating rhythm) |
regulator, muscle contractions, nerve impulses. blood pressure. |
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Sources of potassium: processed foods are usually __ in potassium. 3 main sources examples |
low, fresh fruits, veggies, whole grains. potato- whole baked, yogurt nonfat plain, tomato juice, halibut cooked, orange juice from concentrate. |
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What if you consume too much potassium? * __ a high blood potassium level * can occur in patients with __ disease * can alter normal __ __ resulting in __ __ |
hyperkalemia, heart, heart rhythm, heart attack. |
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what if you don't consume enough potassium? *__ low potassium levels * can be seen in patients with __ disease or diabetic __. can occur when taking certain __ medications (medical/chemical way to draw fluid off their body) |
hypokalemia, kidney, acidosis, diuretic |
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FXNs of chloride * assists with maintaining __ balance * assists the __ system * component of HCl in __ |
fluid immune stomach |
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what if you consume too much chloride? *may lead to __ in salt sensitive customers * __ dietary reference intake has been set for chloride. what if you don't consume enough chloride? this is __ but can occur in people with __ disorders. |
hypertension, no, rare, eating |
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FXNs of phosphorus *the major __ electrolyte *required for fluid balance *critical role in __ formation (85% of bodies phosphorus is found in this) |
intracellular, bone |
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Sources of phosphorus: found widespread in many foods, found in high amounts in foods that contain __ (IE meat, milk, eggs) Common sources: |
protein, cheddar cheese, yogert nonfat, lentils, black beans, milk, chicken roasted. |
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what if you consume too much phosphorus? * high levels can occur with __ disease or when taking too much vitamin __ supplements. * causes muscle __ and __ what if you don't consume enough? *this deficiencies are __. |
kidney, D, spasms, convulsions, rare |
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Serious health probs that occur when fluid excretion exceeds in take include: __ and __ __ |
dehydration, heat illness. |
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Dehydration occurs when water __ exceeds water __. most common due to heavy __, high __, most at risk are __ and __. Other common causes: (6) |
loss, intake, exercise, temps, infants and children, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, poorly managed diabetes, abuse of diuretics or laxatives. |
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Heat illness: 3 common types closely related to dehydration are : Heat cramps: _____ heat exhaustion: _____ heat stroke: _____ |
painful muscle cramps, usually in the abdomen, arms and legs, symptoms include cramps, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, and elevated BP and pulse rapid pulse, hot and dry skin, high body temp and weakness.
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What are chemicals that protect cells from damage of oxidation? *what are those nutrients? (5) |
antioxidants vit E, vit C, beta-carotene, vit A, selenium. |
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the loss of electrons from molecules the gain of electrons by a molecule These usually occur together as an __ __ |
oxidation, reduction, exchange reaction |
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stable atoms contain __ number of paired electrons. __ __: an atom that has lost an electron and is left with an __ electron. __ __ are highly reactive and can cause __ to molecules in cells. |
even, free radicals, unpaired free radicals, damage |
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Many __ processes involve __ reactions and can produce free radicals IE __, __ light, __, __ substances (tobacco smoke) |
metabolic, oxidation, pollution, ultraviolet, radiation, toxic |
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Free radicals cause damage to __ membranes low-density __ (LDLs) __ material (DNA) Diseases linked to free radicals: |
cell, lipoproteins, genetic cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, cataracts, kidney disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's. |
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some __ donate their electrons to free radicals to __ then (friendly; build up) some __ act w complete enzyme systems to __ free radicals (super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) (enemy; break down) |
vitamins, stabilize, minerals destroy |
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Vitamin E is __ soluble made of : __- biologically inactive form __- biologically active form
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trocotrienol, trocopherol* |
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FXN of Vit E and sources: Primary role is an __ protects __ fatty acids protects Low density __ (LDLs) Vit E is __ not __ sources |
antioxidant, polyunsaturated, lipoproteins, plan, animal |
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What if you consume too much Vit E? some say links to : __ disease, __ or __ failure at high doses or prolonged use but unconfirmed. it can interfere with __ medications |
vascular, diabetes, heart, anticoagulation |
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what if you don't consume enough Vit E? This is __ can result in fragile _ _ cells, (erythrocytes hemolysis) Why is it so uncommon? |
uncommon, red blood, due to vit e being fat soluble. |
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vit C is __ soluble that must be consumed in a human __. Vit C provides __, synthesis of __, prevents the disease __, enhances the __ system, enhances the absorption of __. |
water, diet, antioxidants, collagen, scurvy's, immune, iron |
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Who needs more? Men or women? People who __ and the UL is 2000 for adults. SOURCES: What destroys vit c? __ foods lowers their vit c content. |
men, smoke. fresh fruit and veggies, heat, cooking |
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What if you consume too much? mega doses are more than __X. Causes __ toxicity, can lead to __ stones, what if you don't consume enough? form __, bleeding __, loose __, __. can occur after __ month of being deficient. |
10, iron, kidney, scurvy, gums, teeth, weakness, one. |
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Beta-carotene is in the class of chemicals called __ (phytochemical) is a __ (inactive precursers that must be converted to the active form of a vitamin in the body. the precursor of __ (vit A) |
carotenoids, provitamin |
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FXN of Beta-carotene: a __ antioxidant (why is it weak?) effective against __ in cell membranes and LDLs |
weak, because its not considered essential. oxidation |
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carotenoids in general are known to: enhance the __ system, protects __ from __ damage, protects __ from damage. recommended level? why? Sources: |
immune, skin, uv, eyes no RDA or RAA as its not deemed essential fruits and veggies yellow orange purple red deep green |
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what if you consume too much beta carotene? large quantities do not appear __, skin may turn __ but this is __ and __. if you don't consume enough: |
toxic, yellow, harmless, reversible. no symptoms
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Vit A is a __ soluble excess is stored in __, __ tissues, __ and __. there are 3 active forms: |
fat, liver, adipose, kidneys, lungs, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid |
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FXNx of Vit A: 1st FXN: 2nd FXN: cell __ : process by which cells mature and specialize. __ generation, __ growth. |
proper and healthy vision, antioxidant and protecting LDLs, differentiation sperm, bone |
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Recommended Vit A: more for men or women? sources: what if you consume too much? __ toxic especially from __, birth __, and permanent damage to __ and __ up to 7 years! Not enough? __ blindness is most common, __ blindness. |
men, highly, supplements, defects, liver, eyes, night, irreversible. |
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Selenium is a __ mineral found in a few __ __ in the body. FXN: __ part of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system. production of thyroxine a __ hormone. |
trace, amino acids. antioxidant, thyroid |
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Sources of Selenium: best are __ products IE what if consume too much? Toxicity brittle __, _, _ rashes normally from __. what if don't consume enough? __ disease: a form of __ disease __ -__ disease: type of arthritis. |
animal: organ meat, pork, seafood, nuts, rice hair, nails, skin, supplements keshan, heart kashin-beck |
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Additional antioxidants __ a compound needed for proper fxn of an enzyme. example: copper zinc manganese iron. (similar properties of antioxidants) |
cofactor |
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what are Phytochemicals? "__ __" do nothing but __ things for us but not essential. compounds found in __ that are said to be beneficial to health. not considered essential because? no RDA and DRI links to reduce risk for __ disease, __, __, __, cateracts, and age related decline. |
power nutrients, good, plants cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's. |
