Nutrition Quiz 2

Front 1

Lipids

Back 1

-fats
-Oils

Front 2

Fats

Back 2

-Lipids of animal orgin, eg. tallow, lard
-solid at room temp (bacon grease at room temp)

Front 3

Oils

Back 3

-Lipids of plant origin, eg. corn oil, palm oil, canola oil (better of the plant oils)
-lipids from marine animals eg. cod liver oil, whale oil
-Liquid at room temp

Front 4

Roles of lipids

Back 4

-Provide energy
-add palatability and texture to food
-increase reproductive efficiency
-provide a source of essential fatty acids
-transport "fat soluble" vitamins (ADEK)
-They are components of cell membranes, hair and Skin
*some meds absorb better w/ fat
*too little fat will stop womans cycle

Front 5

Lipid digestion and absorption

Back 5

-broken down in to fatty acids by lipase from the pancreas
-Absorbed in to the lymphatics of the small intestine

Front 6

Fatty acids that are dietary essentials

Back 6

-Linoleic acid (omega 6 fatty acid) (*dogs and cats*)
-Linolenic acid (Omega 3 fatty acids) (*dogs and cats*)
-Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3 fatty acids) (*dogs and cats*)
-Arachidonic acid (omega 6) (*only in cats*)

Front 7

Linoleic Acid

Back 7

-Omega 6 fatty acid
-Inflammatory chemicals
-Plant oils are high in this

Front 8

Linolenic acid

Back 8

- Omega 3 fatty acid
-anti-inflammatory
-fish oils are high in this

Front 9

Alpha-linolenic acid

Back 9

-Omega 3 fatty acids
-anti-inflammatory
-fish oils are high in this

Front 10

Arachidonic Acid

Back 10

-Omega 6 fatty acid
-Is a dietary essential in cats ONLY
-Inflammatory
-Most animals can make it from Linoleic acid
-comes from meat and fish (Like taurine dose)

Front 11

Unsaturated Fatty acids (FA)

Back 11

-Omega 3 Non inflimmation
-Have double bonds (spaces for more hydrogens)
-are liquids at room temp
-come from plants and marine animals

Front 12

Saturated fatty acids (FA)

Back 12

-Omega 6 Inflimmation
-No double bonds
-solid at room temp
-animal fats (lard, tollow)

Front 13

Trans fatty acids

Back 13

-very unhealthy and their addition to food products is now illegal in many areas
*Raise Colesterol*

Front 14

Lipid Deficiencies

Back 14

-Result in dry , flaky skin and coat
-Results in increased allergies (signs)
-Are seen if <5% fat in diet
-can result from improper ratio of fatty acids should be 5-10 : 1 Omega 6 : Omega 3
-if ratio reaches 50:1 Need omega 3
-can correct w/ vegetable/fish oils, Unsaturated FA
-add 1 tbs of oil to 1 cup of dry food or 1# canned food each day
-or add cooked egg yolk

Front 15

Omega 3 FA

Back 15

-needed for normal nervous system development
-retinal function
-decrease risk of diabetes?
-decreased heart disease, arthritis, cholesterol and kidney disease?
-decrease signs of inflammatory bowel disease ?

Front 16

Lipid excesses

Back 16

-energy needs are met by fat, so animal eats less of required protein, vitamins and minerals (Ca, P), resulting in deficiencies
-weight gain (fried foods)
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea- fat that is not digested reaches colon and is broken down to ricinoleic acid (same as caster oil)
-Pancreatitis
-Sled dog syndrome (yellow fat disease/steatitis/steatorrhea)- excess fat dilutes out vitamin E and that leads to muscle inflimmation

Front 17

Cathartic

Back 17

-Cleans you out

Front 18

to prevent Spoilage of fat (Rancidity)

Back 18

-antioxiants that are added to prevent spoilage
-ethoxyquin
-butylated hydroxy anisole BHA
-butylated hydroxy toluene BHT
-vitamine C, E (fights ageing)

Front 19

LDL

Back 19

-Low density Lipoproteins (bad)

Front 20

HDL

Back 20

-High Density Lipoproteins
-the higher this is the more protected your heart is

Front 21

VLDL

Back 21

-very low density lipoprotein
-ex. margarine

Front 22

Minerals (Ash)

Back 22

-inorganic, non combustable element portion of diet
-more than 18 minerals are bleaved to be essential for mammals
-excesses or deficencies of one mineral can affect the balance of the others
-no specific "ash" requirements in diet
-need to feed a "complete" diet to meet animals requirements

Front 23

Macrominerals

Back 23

-big need more than the micro
-Ca, P, Na, Cl , K, Mg, S
-Larger amounts are needed
-required in the diet in percentage amounts

Front 24

Microminerals

Back 24

-Small
-Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, I, Se, Cr, Mb
-Trace/smaller amounts needed
-required in the diet in parts per million (ppm)

Front 25

Ca + P

Back 25

-Hydroxyapatite of bone, teeth

Front 26

Calcium (Ca++) Needed for:

Back 26

-Blood coagulation
-Nerve impulses
-Muscle contraction

Front 27

Phosphorus (P) is neede for:

Back 27

-in cell membrane
-Enzyme systems
-transfer/storage of energy
-it is part of genetic material

Front 28

Ca: P ratio in diet

Back 28

-2: 1
-wheat bran has a reversed ratio 1:2
-most meals (except fish) also have high portion of P
-Dry cows need 1:1 to reduce risk of milk fever
-Leads to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (stimulates osteoclasts)
-Ca leaves bone, replaced by fibrous connective tissue
-called "big head" or "millers disease"
-This is one of the primary reasons why an all-meat diet is problematic

Front 29

Calcium & Phosporus Sourses:

Back 29

-Dicalcium Phosphate:
-has corect Ca:P
-from bone meal
-need to cook to control disease: Salmonella, BSE
-No ruminants should be fed ruminants

Front 30

BSE

Back 30

-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Front 31

Calcium Carbonate:

Back 31

-Lime stone
-Most common source of Ca

Front 32

Phosphorus from animal sourses is :

Back 32

100 % available

Front 33

Phosphorus from plant sourses is:

Back 33

-Less than 50%
-More is available to ruminants than monogastrics because ruminants break it down better

Front 34

Deficiencies of Ca, P, vitamine D

Back 34

-Ricketts in the young (calcium decrease)
-Osteoporosis in the old
-Hypocalcemia (eclampsia in dogs)(milk fever in cows)
-Fosomax- Human pill to make calcium

Front 35

Phosphorus deficiency

Back 35

-decreases fertility

Front 36

Excess Ca and P

Back 36

-leads to soft tissue calcification (heterplastic ossification)
-urinary calculi

Front 37

Heteroplastic ossification

Back 37

-Calcium in muscles

Front 38

Magnesium (Mg) needed for:

Back 38

-muscle and bone structure and function
-enzyme systems

Front 39

Good sourses of Mg:

Back 39

-spinach, oysters, sunflower seeds, lima beans and garbanzo beans
-ocean fish , dary products, soybeans

Front 40

Deficiency of Mg may result from:

Back 40

-inadequate intake
-vomiting/diarrhea
-Protein malnutrition
-Use of diuretics
-low amts in feed (cattle and grass tetany)
-can lead to charley horses

Front 41

normal and excesses of Mg

Back 41

-< 0.1 % In the diet (cats)
-excess leads to FLUTD/FUS (struvite crystals)
-Urine pH and concentration of urine is also affected (FUS)

Front 42

FUS

Back 42

-Feline urologic syndrome
-older term for FLUTD

Front 43

Struvite made of

Back 43

-Ammonium/Phosphorus/magnesium

Front 44

Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl) and Potassium (K)

Back 44

-Electrolites
-needed for maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood stream and cells
-Acid/base balance (pH)

Front 45

Cl needed for

Back 45

-HCl production in the stomach (gastric juice)
-Hydrocloric acid

Front 46

NaCl

Back 46

-found in most diets; Rare to see a deficiency
-if in excess a problem in renal disease and heart diseases
-salt raises pressure

Front 47

K

Back 47

-Needed for muscle and nerve function(cardiac function)
-Gets Lost in renal disease and with many diuretics

Front 48

Good sourses of K

Back 48

-Peaches, cantaloupe, watermelon, banana
-winter squash
-lima beans and pinto beans
-potato (better than banna : have to eat the skin)
-Spinach

Front 49

Animals w/ Diarrhea/ Vomiting:

Back 49

-Electrolites get depleted (Na, Cl, K)
-need to replace w/ electrolyte soulution IV or Oral (pedialyte), (saline with K) (0.09% NaCl IV)

Front 50

Animal w/ cronic Kidney disease

Back 50

-Give Tumil K supplement

Front 51

Hypoklemia

Back 51

-Low potassium (K)
-animals will present w/ head down

Front 52

Sulfur needed to make:

Back 52

-organic compounds such as amino acids (methionine, lysine, cysteine, cystine, and taurine)
-taurine is what cats need
-RBC's
-Wool, Feathers, hair and cartilage

Front 53

Sulfer can be obtained from

Back 53

-vitamins such as biotin and thiamine
-proteins
-Deficiency problems have not been identified

Front 54

Iron (Fe)

Back 54

-a component of hemoglobin (O2 carrier in RBC's)
-Myoglobin (O2 carrier in muscle)
*Muscle dammage makes urine Brown **

Front 55

Pigs (Iron)

Back 55

-Need supplementation in pigs
-most species get Fe from dam before birth
-piglets are born anemic and need to be allowed to eat dirt or must get iron dextran injections

Front 56

Sources of Iron (Fe)

Back 56

-tofu, clams, spinach, meat & poultry, beans, nuts, raisins
-Animal iron better absorbed than plant iron
-Vitamin C helps with Iron absorption

Front 57

Deficiency of Iron results in :

Back 57

-Anemia
-Lethargy
-slow growth
-pica (eating non nutritional stuff (dirt))

Front 58

Excess Iron (Fe)

Back 58

-Toxicities (storage disease)
-Hemochromatosis- some humans/birds and black rhinos

Front 59

Hemochromatosis

Back 59

-Storage of Iron in organs (liver, heart, kidneys)

Front 60

Copper (Cu) needed for:

Back 60

-Formation of melanin pigment in skin/ hair
-production of hemoglobin
-Immune function
-collagen formation

Front 61

Sourses of Copper (Cu)

Back 61

-organ meats
-shellfish
-cocoa
-legumes and nuts
-mushrooms

Front 62

Deficiency of Copper

Back 62

-faded hair coat
-anemia

Front 63

Excess of copper

Back 63

-build up in liver of susceptible breeds (ressesive gene)
-bedlington terrier (store this)
-Dobermans (some store this)
-sheep extremely sensitive to this (caution w/ foot baths and cattle feed)

Front 64

Manganase (Mu)

Back 64

-Neede for enzyme systems
-Equilibrium
-Essential in bone and cartilage development
-Requirement is much higher in birds than in dogs and cats
-deficiencies occur in birds rare in cats/dogs
-siamese cats can have toxicity problems

Front 65

Cobalt (Co)

Back 65

-Needed for vit B-12 synthesis (Cyanocobalamine)
-Vitamin B-12 made in rumen by microbes then absorbed in duodenum
-Coprophagia in dogs - deficiency of B-vitamins
-Inoculate foals cecum w/ moms bugs

Front 66

Iodine (I) Needed/ Sourses:

Back 66

-to make thyroid hormones (T-3 and T-4)
-Iodized salt
-seafood
-most plants and the animals that eat those plants
*Goiter seen if too much or too little*
-Kelp is rich in I fed to pregnant mares most of the time will get a goiter in foals
-Iodized salt meets our needs

Front 67

Too Little Iodine

Back 67

** Hypothyroid **
-lethargic
-reproductive problems
-skin disease
-hair problems
-mental retardation (cretinism) people

Front 68

Too much Iodine

Back 68

**Hyperthyroid** (graves disease)-bug eyse
-Hyperactive, nervous
-weight loss despite a ravenous appetite
-excessive urination
- treat w/ radioactive iodine, Tapazole or surgery

Front 69

Zinc (Zn) functions:

Back 69

-a component of many enzymes and the hormone insulin
-needed for synthesis of protein and genetic material
*sourses*
-meat, fish, poultry, grains, vegatables

Front 70

Deficiency of Zinc

Back 70

-Dermatitis
-Alopecia
-Depigmentation
-Testicular atrophy
-Poor growth
-high Ca++ or foods w/ vegatable protein can tie up Zn
-seen w/ cheap foods
-Huskies are more susceptible ?

Front 71

Selenium (Se) Functions:

Back 71

-works w/ vit E and an antioxidant to prevent peroxides and free radical formation
-benficial for immunity

Front 72

Deficiencies of Selenium

Back 72

- can cause WMD
-Need to supplement if feeds are from a deficient area of the country (northeast decreased amount West high amount (toxic))
-Can treat or prevent "tying up" "exertional myopathy" "monday morning disease" "azoturia"
**suplaments **
-MuSe - cows
-BoSe-calves/goats/sheep
-ESe- horses

Front 73

Toxicities of Selenium (Se)

Back 73

-Concentrated in certain plants in the west
-muscle, hoof problems, hair loss, blindness
-Increases Retained placenta more than 5%

Front 74

Chromium (Cr) needed for :

Back 74

-carbohydrate metabolism
-immune function
-Mineral requirement chart- different needs for animals w/ different physiological conditions

Front 75

Chromium picolinate

Back 75

-chromium deficiency
-Increased need in times of stress

Front 76

Vitamins

Back 76

-Made of organic substances
-help regulate metabolism

Front 77

Fat soluble vitamins

Back 77

-ADEK (can store in liver)
-Found in fat, fish oil, muscle, Organ meats)
-transported into body better w/ fat in diet
-stored in our body
-dont need daily doses because we store it
-can be toxic

Front 78

Water soluble vitamins

Back 78

-B, C
-don't store in body
-need daily
-Seldom toxic

Front 79

Vitamin A

Back 79

-fat soluble
-Needed for vision
-bone/teeth (osteoclast function)
-Epithelial cells (skin, resp tract)

Front 80

Vitamin A precursors:

Back 80

-carotenoids such as Beta carotene which are pigments in yellow/orange fruits and vegatables (carrots high in this)
-beta carotene is converted to vitamin A in the small intestine and liver of most animals (not in cats and box turtles)
-Lycopene found in tomatoes and blueberries gets converted in to beta carotene
-Raw liver daily can result in vit A toxicity
-carotenoids and lycopenes are not toxic because they are water soluble (blueberries and ketchup)

Front 81

Beta carotene

Back 81

-is converted to vitamin A in the small intestine and liver of most animals (not in cats and box turtles)

Front 82

Lycopene

Back 82

-found in tomatoes and blueberries gets converted into beta carotene then vitamin A
-this is not activated when tomatoes are raw they have to be cooked

Front 83

Carotenoids such as:

Back 83

- Beta carotene which are pigments in yellow/orange fruits and vegatables (carrots high in this)

Front 84

carotenoids and lycopenes

Back 84

-are not toxic b/c they are water soluble

Front 85

Vit A deficiencies can result in:

Back 85

-blindness
-dry eyes
-repro problems
-resp problems
-growth disorders
-skin problems

Front 86

Xerophthalmia

Back 86

-dry eye

Front 87

Vit. A excesses

Back 87

-liver damage
-enlarged joints
-fetal abnormalities/ still birth
-cervical spondylosis
-Excesses are more common than deficiencies

Front 88

Vitamin D

Back 88

-"sunshine vitamin"
-D-2
-D-3
-is linked to Ca and P absorption
-many foods are supplemented (fortified) with this
*juice, esp orange juice
*milk

Front 89

Osteopenea

Back 89

-need vit D and Calcium
-bone density is lower than normal

Front 90

D-2

Back 90

-(ergosterol in plant material) + gut enzymes = active form D2
*eat the plant and body will convert to the active form*

Front 91

D-3

Back 91

-(7 dehydrocholesterol in skin) + UV light = active form D3
*birds and reptiles need UV to convert to active form D3*

Front 92

Vitamin D species differences:

Back 92

-humans/cats/dogs use either form (D2/D3)
-Reptiles/ Birds Need D-3 ***

Front 93

deficiencies of vit D

Back 93

-Ricketts in the young (calcium decrease)
-Osteoporosis in the old
-Hypocalcemia (eclampsia in dogs)(milk fever in cows)
-Fosomax- Human pill to make calcium
*same as Ca and P*

Front 94

excesses of vit D

Back 94

-leads to soft tissue calcification (heterplastic ossification)
-urinary calculi
*same as Ca and P*

Front 95

Alpha Tocopherol

Back 95

-Vitamine E

Front 96

Sourses of vitamin E

Back 96

-young green forages
-germ portion of grain
-nuts
-fish
-Poultry

Front 97

vitamin E requirements

Back 97

-Needed for fertility, especially in males
-Requirements increase in times of stress or if fed high fat diet
-too much fat diffuse it out
-works well w/ selenium as an antioxidant

Front 98

Vitamin E deficiency

Back 98

-+/- selenium>White muscle disease
-nutritional muscular dystrophy
-this is seldomly toxic

Front 99

Vitamin K

Back 99

-needed to make prothrombin for clotting
-produced by bacteria in intestinal tract, plants and in the lab

Front 100

supplement w/ Vit K if :

Back 100

-on long term antibiotics (b/c antibiotics will kill normal flora may get a secondary infection)
-Long term diarrhea
-birds due to short GI tract
-if eat rat poison -warfarin in the poison ties up vit K
- supplement for 3-4 weeks if did not vomit up poison
-cant get too much vit K because will just get secreted out

Front 101

B complex

Back 101

-several B vitamins
-produced by bacteria in large intestine (cecum as well)
- Needed for energy metabolism
-cofactors/coenzymes
-Stress increases the need for vit B
-Deficiency seen after long-term antibiotic use or diarrhea
-brewer's yeast -excellent source of all B vitamins except B-12

Front 102

B -1 (thiamine) Need supplement if :

Back 102

-animal is fed raw fish
-animal has coccidiosis (thiaminase is produced)

Front 103

Deficiency of B-1 (thiamine)

Back 103

-Polioencephalomalacia (opisthotonus or stargasing)
-Nervous system signs

Front 104

B-2 (Riboflavin)

Back 104

-Helps break down fat

Front 105

B-2 (riboflavin) Deficency)

Back 105

-Glossitis
-Dermatitis

Front 106

B-5 (pantothenic acid)

Back 106

-coenzyme for Kreb's Cycle
-Helps making antiboties
-Helps make acetalcholine

Front 107

B-3 (Niacin)

Back 107

-Made from the amino acid tryptophan (except in cats*)
-Tryptophan and niacin are found in meat

Front 108

B-3 (Niacin) Deficiency

Back 108

-oral ulcers/stomatitis
-Black tongue in dogs
-inflimmation of the oral cavity

Front 109

B-6 (Pyridoxine)

Back 109

-Needed for hemoglobin synthesis

Front 110

B-7 (biotin)

Back 110

-Needed for healthy nails and hooves
-Raw eggs contain "avidin" which ties up biotin

Front 111

B-9 (folic acid)

Back 111

-Deficiency leads to neural tube defects in embryo
-Cleft palate, hair lip and spina bifida in humans
-foods are "enriched" to force consumption
*flour*

Front 112

B-12 (Cobalamine, Cyanocobalamine)

Back 112

-Needed for RBC production
-Non-regenerative anemia if deficient

Front 113

Pernicious Anemia

Back 113

-cant absorb B-12 due to lack of intrinsic factor made by pariental cells in stomach
*Treat with B-12 injections
-1 shot a month

Front 114

Choline

Back 114

-B vitamin-like substance found in plant and animal tissues
-involved w/ protein, carb and fat metabolism
-precursor for acetylcholine
-supplement fresh cows to prevent Ketosis, fatty liver disease, slow rlease boluses are available

Front 115

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Back 115

-produced in liver from glucose (not by guinea pig, fish and primates)
-found in citrus fruit and rose hips

Front 116

Vitamin C Is needed for :

Back 116

-Fe absorption
-Collagen synthesis/ wound healing
-bone metabolism
-Increased need in times of stress, pregnancy, fever, infection
-at one point thought to be helpful in large breed dogs to prevent bone disorders.... has been disproved

Front 117

Deficiency Vitamin C

Back 117

-Scurvy (skin lesions, bleeding gums)

Front 118

Antioxidants:

Back 118

-Vitamin A and Beta carotene
-Vitamin C
-Vitamin E
-selenium
-Zinc
-food metabolism = wastes produced (CO2, H2O, e-)
-O2 + e- = free radicals such as H2O2 (peroxide)
-free radicals damage cell membranes and DNA
-decreased immunity
-Cancer?
-disease
-Super Oxide Dismutase ??
-Caution about toxicities w/ vitamin A and selenium